TEAS TEST

Which of the following structures changes the volume of the lungs?

a. alveoli

b. heart

c. trachea

d. diaphragm

D. diaphragm

What is the respiratory systems main function

transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells and moving carbon dioxide from the body's cells

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 (superior, middle, inferior)

How many lobes does the left lung have? Why?

2 because of the heart

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

diffusion which is passive transport mechanism

Where is the heart located

mediastinum

Aveoli

sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between the air and the blood

tidal volume

the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Where is breathing controlled?

medulla oblongata of the brain - monitors carbon dioxide levels and blood ph.

cardiovascular system

responsible for the movement of blood around the body. This system allows for the nutrient distribution and waste removal.

What type of muscle is the heart?

cardiac muscle - inbolunysty mudvlr

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

atria

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

ventricles

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries

single layer of endothelium that form a network that connect arteries to veins in tissues

Pulmonary loop

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Systemic loop

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

What makes the "lub" sound?

atrioventricular valves closing (mitral and tricuspid valves)

What makes the dub sound?

closing of semilunar valves

What controls heart contractions?

Pacemaker - called the sinoatrial node

Plasma

clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets throughout the body.

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

white blood cells

granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils) agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)

macrophage

a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

Leukocytes

white blood cells, which protect the body again disease

Which heart chamber pumps blood toward the lungs

right ventricle

Blood flow through the heart

What two chambers of the heart have thicker walls? Why?

Ventricles use a large amount of pressure to push blood to different parts of the body. This puts quite a bit of force on these chambers, require them to be thicker.

Function of the digestive system

break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body

What controls the mechanical digestion and movement of food through the digestive system

the parasympathetic nervous system

What absorbs the nutrients in the digestive system?

Blood vessels located along the stomach and small and large intestines absorb digestive nutrients

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Chyme

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

small intestine

The part of the GI Tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs

Hydrophilic

water loving

large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water and salt is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body. Vitamin K is absorbed in the large intestine.

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

Insulin

a hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and releases that glucose into the blood

Enzymes in digestion

amylase, protease, lipase

Enzymes are proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body.

In the digestive system, where does the breakdown of proteins begin?

The stomach by the action of the enzyme pepsin, which is activated by hydrochloric acid.

What absorbs nutrients in the small intestine?

villi and microvilli

Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of a starch

Mechanical: chewing, swallowing

Chemical: amylase and lipase

Muscle contractions in the stomach break down food particles in the chyme. Then, in the small intestines, more enzymes released by the pancreas break down the starches into simple sugars.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord and acts as the central command for all communication and actions of the body

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

includes all of the nerves that branch out to the rest of the body and the ganglia. It allows the signals sent by the brain to reach their target destination in the body.

A nerve cell

neuron

Axon

a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

dendrite

a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse toward the neuron cell body

synapes

the structure that allow neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles or glands

sensory nerons

Afferent - send messages to the CNS about sensory information, such as touch, small, and pain

motor neurons

efferent - send messages to muscle and can be subdivided into the autonomic (involuntary)and the somatic (voluntary) nervous system.

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. (heart rhythm, digestion and breathing)

somatic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Enables voluntary actions to be undertaken due to its control of skeletal muscles. (walking, throwing, typing)

What type of nerves send messages to the brain?

sensory

What is the role of the CNS?

The CNS acts as the central command for all communication and actions of the body.

Describe the difference between the CNS and PNS

The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and it controls the regulation of body systems.

The PNS is made up of all of the neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. it is responsible for sending messages to the brain or from the brain to designated targets.

Types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle

attaches to bones and is involved in the movement of bones. It is striated and very strong

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle is found inside many internal organs of the body

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Myosin

thick filament

Actin

thin filaments

Sarcomere

contacting unit of a muscle

What role does estrogen play?

Estrogen is a hormone that plays a role in egg maturation.

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail.

vital to protecting the body and regulating temperature

Layers of skin from top to bottom

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)

Where are melanocytes found?

epidermis

What are melanocytes?

Cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer

What's in the dermis?

nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, oil glands

functions of integumentary system

1. Protection

2. Body Temperature Regulation

3. Cutaneous Sensation

4. Metabolic Functions

5. Blood Reservoir

6. Excretion

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

eccrine glands

These glands produce sweat. Mostly for temperature regulation

How does the integumentary system regulate body temperature?

if the body gets too hot, the integumentary system uses homeostatic strategies to cool it off. sweat is secreted by the sweat glads. as the water in sweat evaporates, the skin is cooled. blood vessels also dilate and move closer to the ski surface to try and cool it.

B cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

T cells

White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in an immune response

innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

adaptive immunity

A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

Interferons

proteins (cytokines) secreted by leukocytes and other cells to aid and regulate the immune respons

antigen presenting cells

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

Helper T cells

A type of lymphocyte that secretes interleukids a preying that triggers the action of other cells including the attack of foreign cells by the cytotoxic T cell

Cytotoxic T cells

A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells

Cytokines

Cell signaling molecules release primarily by helper T cells and macrophages. Certain cytokines activate cytotoxic T cells

Which cells produce antibodies?

What is considered a short bone?

carpals and tarsals

What breaks down bone material?

osteoclasts

What builds bone?

osteoblasts

4 types of tissues found in the body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

Mitosis

cell division in eukaryotes that produce two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell