GS TERM 1 EXAM

Amplifier, electrical audio signals, louder sound waves, magnetic coil, cone

— is a device that converts — into — by using a — and a —.

Angular acceleration, rate, angular velocity, quickly, speeds up, slows down, spin

describes the — at which — changes over time, signaling how — the system — or — its —.

Circuit breaker, current, electrical fires

— is a device that automatically interrupt the flow of electricity when — exceeds safe levels, preventing —-

Diffraction, wave, sound waves, large structural pillars

—- is a — phenomenon that describes the bending of — around —.

Echo reflection, sound waves, SONAR systems, underwater navigation, depth measurement

—- is a property of —- that is primarily used by — for — and —.

Fermentation, chemical, Louis Pasteur, living microscopic organisms, spontaneous generation, sour

—- is a — process done and studied by — to prove that —, rather than —, cause substances to —.

Germ Theory of Disease, major biological medical theory foundation, Louis Pasteur, microbes, beer, wine, milk, spoil

— is a — laid by —, which shows that specific — cause —, —, and — to —.

Hologram, 3D image, interference pattern, split laser beams, entertainment, security

— is a — technique that is created using the — of —, mostly being used in — and —.

Hologram, amplitude, phase of light waves

It records both the — and the —.

Independent propagation, wavelength division multiplexing, light, fiber optic signals of different colors, single strand, mixing destructively

— also called as — is a property of — that allows — to travel through a — simultaneously without —.

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER), coherent, monochromatic light, precise surgical procedures, eye corrective surgery

— is an innovation that uses —, — to perform —, e.g. —-

Light Emitting Diode (LED), lighting technology, semi-conductor diodes, efficient, directional light, displays, home lighting

—- is a type of — that uses — to emit —, — for — and —.

LED, higher percentage, electrical energy, visible light, losing, wasted heat

— also converts a much — of — into — rather than — it as —.

LED, higher energy efficiency, longer lifespans

They have — and —.

Linear displacement, change, spatial location, magnitude, direction

— defines the — in the — of an object containing both — and —.

Photocoagulation Surgery, medical application, lasers, abnormal cells, seal blood vessels, cutting deep tissue

— a — that uses — to target and destroy — or — without —.

Pure translational motion, changes, position, space, point, object, exact same distance

— occurs when an object — its — in — such that every — on the — moves the —.

Rabies, deadly nervous system disease, Louis Pasteur, attenuated vaccine, infected nerve tissues

— a — that was successfully prevented in a human patient by — using an — derived from —.

Scanner, LASER, read barcodes, checkout

—- is an innovation that relies on the — to — at a grocery store —.

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), acid salt-like monocalcium phosphate, wet dough, Carbon dioxide gas bubbles, batter rise

— an —, when mixed with —- produced — making the —.

Sodium fluoride (NaF), toothpaste, tooth enamel, decay-resistant minerals

— in — will strengthen — by forming —.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), oxidize organic stains, kill microbial pathogens

— can — and can —.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), chemical, foam

—- is a common — that makes things —.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), oil, dirt, water

It traps — and — that can be easily wash by —.

Soundproofing, acoustic property, recording studios, theaters, porous materials, absorb sound energy, reduce echoes

— is an — that is applied in — and — using — to — and —.

Spontaneous Generation (Miasma Theory), diseases, microscopic life, Louis Pasteur’s discoveries

— was the widely accepted belief about how — and — randomly appeared, before —.

Swan-neck flask, Louis Pasteur, airborne microbes, contamination, biological broths

— is a famous apparatus designed by — to demonstrate that —, not the air itself, cause — in —.

Tartrate crystals, molecular asymmetry, chemical structure, living systems

— led to the concept of —-, linking — to —-.

Ultrasound, medical imaging technology, high-frequency sound waves, real-time images, internal organs, developing fetuses

— is a — that uses — to create — of — and —.

net external torque, change, rotational state of motion

A — is required for an object to experience a — in its —.

spinning top, far away, central axis, maximize object’s resistance, slowing down, friction, mass

A — concentrated as — from the — as possible can — to — from — because the — is distributed.

Damp or wet conditions, lethal electrocution, moisture, electrical resistance, human skin, high current

— causes — because — significantly reduces the — of —, allowing — to pass through the body.

Exposed copper wire, current, short circuits, fire hazards, severe shocks upon human contact

— allows — to escape, causing —, —, or —.

Fiber optic cables, light waves, high-speed global communication, total internal reflection

— utilize — for — through —.

Fiber optic communication systems, long distance data transmission, light waves, less signal attenuation, interference

— are also used for — it is because — suffer — and — throughout the process.

Global Positioning System (GPS), vacuum, speed of light, EM waves, space, long-distance satellite communications

— can travel through a — at the — and relies on — in — making — possible.

late 19th century, Louis Pasteur interdisciplinary research, surgeons, antiseptic techniques, microscopic infection

In the —, — changes the way — operated in hospitals, leading to the adoption of — to prevent —.

biological pathogen, chemical, physical environment, control infections, diseases

Managing both the — and the — and — is vital to — and —.

Multi-pane glass windows, inert gas, vacuum space, thermal insulation, soundproofing

—- are filled with — or — providing — and —.

Noise-canceling headphones, destructive interference, inverted sound wave,

— use — by producing an — to eliminate unwanted background sound.

Pasteurization

— was developed by heating liquids to a specific temperature to kill harmful microbes without ruining the chemical flavor.

Radio waves, microwaves, lower frequency, longer wavelength

— and — have — and —.

artificial vaccines, attenuated pathogens, Louis Pasteur, chicken cholera, aging, bacterial culture, protect, host

The development of — using — was discovered when — work on —, showing in this innovation, that — a — weakened it, allowing it to — the — later.

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC), insulation, sealing gaps, leaks, doors, windows

To provide the best long-term improvement and to minimize energy loss from its — homes, buildings, businesses should improve — and — or —around — and —.

Motion

A change in an object's position relative to a reference point over time.

Translational Motion

Motion in which an object changes position so that points on the object move through the same distance.

Pure Translational Motion

Motion where an object moves without rotating about its own axis.

Rotational Motion

Motion in which an object turns around an axis.

Angular Velocity

The rate at which angular displacement changes with time.

Angular Acceleration

The rate of change of angular velocity with time.

Angular Displacement

The change in the angular position of a rotating object.

Linear Displacement

The straight-line change from an object's initial position to its final position, including direction.

Linear Velocity

The rate of change of displacement with time, including direction.

Reference Point / Origin

A fixed point used to determine the position or motion of an object.

Torque

A turning effect produced by a force acting around an axis or pivot.

Net External Torque

The overall rotational effect of external forces acting on an object.

Moment of Inertia

A measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion.

Mass Distribution

How an object's mass is arranged relative to its axis of rotation.

Coulomb’s Law

The electrostatic force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Conductor

a material that allows electric charges (electrons) to move freely through it.

Insulator

a material that does not allow electric charges to move freely.

Voltage Sources

the energy or force that pushes electric charges (electrons) through a conductor.

Electric Current

the rate at which electric charges flow through a conductor.

Resistance

the property of a material that opposes or limits the flow of electric current.

Series Circuit

a circuit in which electrical components are connected one after another in a single path.

Parallel Circuit

a circuit in which electrical components are connected across the same voltage source through multiple branches.

Power

tells us how fast electrical energy is used or converted.

Energy Consumption

tells us how much electrical energy has been used over a period of time.

Electrical Overloading

A condition in which too many electrical devices draw current from one circuit beyond its safe capacity.

Exposed Wire

A wire whose protective insulation has been damaged or removed.

Short Circuit

An unintended low-resistance path that allows excessive current to flow.

Electrocution

Serious injury or death resulting from electric current passing through the body.

Electrical Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current

Circuit Breaker

A safety device that automatically interrupts electrical current when it becomes too high.

Occupancy Sensor

A device that detects whether people are present and can automatically control lighting.

Phantom Load

Electricity consumed by a device even when it is turned off but remains plugged in.

Power Strip

A device that provides multiple electrical outlets, often with an on/off switch.

LEDs (Light-Emitting Diode)

A semiconductor device that produces light efficiently when electric current passes through it and has a longer lifespan.

Energy Efficiency

Using less energy to perform the same useful function.

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system

a system used to control the temperature, airflow, humidity, and air quality inside a building.

Sound Wave

A mechanical wave produced by vibrations and requiring a medium to travel.

Light Wave

An electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum.

Speed of light

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s

Frequency

The number of complete vibrations or wave cycles that pass a fixed point in one second.

Wavelength

the distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions in a sound wave.

Amplitude

The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their equilibrium (rest) position.

Period

The time required for one complete vibration or wave cycle.

Reflection

The bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a surface or boundary.

Echo

A reflected sound heard after the original sound.

Refraction

The bending or change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium or region into another.

Diffraction

The bending or spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings.

Dispersion

The separation of a wave into its different wavelengths.

Polarization

A property of transverse waves in which the vibrations of the wave are restricted to a particular direction.

Interference

The interaction of waves when they overlap.

Constructive Interference

Interference in which waves combine to produce a larger amplitude.

Destructive Interference

Interference in which waves combine to reduce amplitude.

Soundproofing

The use of materials or structures to reduce sound transmission.

Acoustic Absorption

The process of absorbing sound energy to reduce reflections and echoes.

Sound Amplifier

A device/system that increases the strength of an audio signal.

Speaker

A device that converts electrical audio signals into sound waves.