foreign policy module 1-2

american foreign policy aspects during revolutionary war

• material advantages - acquiring land

• utopian ideals - fleeing religious persecution

american goals after revolutionary war

• trade - land, crops, and goods

• independence - downfall would be opposition/connection to foreign countries

19th century american militarized disputes with european countries

• Mexico - 20

• Spain - 14

• UK - 7

• Germany - 2

greatest threat to american approach

pirates

pirates of the carribean

raided coasts, sold citizens into slavery, stole from ships

barbary coast pirates

america paid them for safe ship travel (10-15% of US budget)

first barbary war

• 1801

• first US foreign soil military victory

• ends with a treaty, US stops tribute but pays ransom

second barbary war

• 1815

• US navy to stop pirate attacks

• france colonizes algiers and tunis

• ottoman empire absorbs tripoli

war of 1812 territory

• US vs. Britain over Native American territory conflict - Britain supports Natives in opposition to US

• Napoleon uses nationalism reasoning in military to get france to fight

war of 1812 impressments

• british people are turned into servants

• british navy begins to take american sailers and impress them

war of 1812 blockade

• british blockade france while US remains neutral

• US tries to trade with france but is stopped by britain

• britain easily invades US and continues against france

how long in between treaty of Ghent and battle of New Orleans

2 weeks under general Andrew Jackson

monroe doctrine

• 1823

• europeans wished to spread control into south america - in response doctrine states european and western spheres stay untouched by the opposer

• Britain supports US out of territory in Canada

• introduced US power and foreign policy

manifest destiny

god given right/duy to expand westward

Spanish american war

• 1898

• US now outproduces neighboring countries and is major power leading to outside market interests

• Cuba fights Spanish colony for independence, US supports for cuban trade

• USS maine explodes and yellow press blames Spanish mines

• US easily defeats due to cuban help and growing power

• small war - 3549 deaths (83% from disease)

• US now has much more power and trading land

open door policy

• 1900

• US power wants to expand to Asian markets

• Phillipeans to be independent from Asia with US support

• deal for Asia to trade with US and keep all colonies

George Washington’s farewell address

• Warned that political parties and factionalism could threaten national unity.

• Urged neutrality in foreign affairs and avoiding foreign entanglements.

• Promoted patriotism and putting the common good above personal or party interests.

John Quincy Adams's Warning Against the Search for "Monsters to Destroy,"

• Warned against aggressive foreign policy and unnecessary military action.

• Advised against intervening in other nations’ affairs, which could cause conflicts and entanglements.

• Urged America to lead by example rather than pursue colonial or imperialist goals.

The Battle of Veracruz

• Showed America’s willingness to use military force to pursue political goals abroad.

• Deepened tensions in U.S.-Mexico relations.

• Set a precedent for future U.S. intervention in Latin America.

President John Tyler

• Polk used border disputes and skirmishes to justify the Mexican-American War in 1846.

• Sought to expand U.S. territory by acquiring New Mexico and California.

• After capturing Mexico City, Polk pursued a peace treaty but faced pressure for even greater territorial expansion.

Chief Clerk of the Department of State, Nicholas Trist

• Nicholas Trist negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican-American War.

• Mexico ceded about 525,000 square miles to the U.S. for $15 million plus assumed debts.

• The Wilmot Proviso sparked major conflict over whether slavery could expand into new U.S. territories.

United States Maritime Expansion across the Pacific during the 19th Century

• U.S. Pacific expansion was driven mainly by trade, especially with China.

• The Treaty of Wangxia (1844) established formal U.S. diplomatic relations with China.

• The U.S. expanded its Pacific presence to support trade, including relations with Japan and Pacific islands.

• Hawaii became a key Pacific base and was eventually annexed by the U.S. in 1898.

Commodore Matthew Perry

• U.S. Pacific expansion eventually led to the acquisition of the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War.

• The U.S. became a global power with major commercial, political, military, and territorial interests in the Pacific.

• Expansion led to the Open Door Policy with China and greater U.S. involvement in Asian affairs.

roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine

• 1904

• disputes between americas and european countries over land caused US to resolve conflicts outside of americas through themselves

dollar diplomacy

• 1909-1920

• US uses foreign policy tools, military, and money for its economy expanding to other countries in order to preserve it

US foreign policy during WW1

US declares neutrality until Britiain blockades Germany from trading so US blockades Britain for economic reasons

sussex pledge

germany doesn’t want US involvement in WW1 so they sign pledge for germany to not attack US and US to convince Britain to pull out of blockade

what caused the US to become involved in WW1

• germany ends the sussex pledge because the US can’t convince Britain to pull out from blockade in 1917

• germany tries convincing Mexico to attack US but is intercepted by Britiain and given to US

why did Woodrow Wilson want to enter WW1

it promoted liberty and democracy

what did US intervention look like during WW1

• associate not ally due to different war goals from Britain

• russia government dispute between communists causes US and UK intervention

what were the 14 points

once germany was soon to surrender, Woodrow Wilson presented 14 points of order over democracy, free trade, and an international organization against communism to influence settlement

what was the League of Nations and did it succeed

• the league defended all powers involved and discussed global issues

• Britain and France signed league b/c Woodrow Wilson declared treaty of versailles to deal with germany

• league eventually fails due to lack of US involvement and no penalty for not defending countries involved

conservative internationalism

• 1920

• US wasn’t exactly isolated because it had goals to promote economy

free trade-shoot-hawley tariff

• current money backed by gold has run out leading to paper money currency

• tariffs are raised throughout globe to protect domestic industries until free trade is introduced

US intervention in WW2

• US declares neutrality yet has lend lease act to help countries in need of aid (1941)

• attack on Pearl Harbor eventually leads to US involvement after surrounding countries attacked offer economic loss

• US declares war ends with unconditional surrender and marks the start of a superpower