Anatomy and Physiology Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the introductory concepts of anatomy, chemistry of life, cellular biology, tissues, and the integumentary system based on the provided lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions.

Homeostasis

The state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body.

Negative feedback

A homeostatic regulation process where the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change.

Positive feedback

A homeostatic regulation process where the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change.

Anatomical Position

A standard position where the body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Frontal plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into two or more substances.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond that occur when one atom transfers an electron to another atom, resulting in an attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attachment created when a partially negative oxygen atom is attracted to a partially positive hydrogen atom.

Catabolism

The phase of metabolism that breaks down complex compounds into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Anabolism

The phase of metabolism that builds larger, more complex molecules from smaller subunits, requiring energy from $ATP$.

Solute

Particles of matter dissolved in a substance.

Solvent

A substance (such as water) in which particles of matter are dissolved.

pH Scale

A scale ranging from $0$ to $14$ used to determine acidity or alkalinity; a $pH$ of $7$ is neutral, less than $7$ is acidic, and greater than $7$ is basic.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A nucleotide that stores energy in high-energy bonds between its three phosphate groups.

Organelles

The metabolic units within a cell that perform specific functions, such as the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.

Mitochondria

The organelles responsible for creating $ATP$, known as the cell's energy source.

Diffusion

A form of passive transport involving the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The passive transport of water down a concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane.

Osmotic pressure

The water pressure that develops as a result of osmosis.

Isotonic

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than that inside the cell.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than that inside the cell.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

An active transport mechanism that provides the electrical potential necessary for nervous system activity.

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis known as "cell eating" where the cell brings large particles inside.

Transcription

The process of protein synthesis where a segments of $DNA$ unwinds and $RNA$ assembles complementary nucleotides to form $mRNA$.

Translation

The process of protein synthesis where ribosomes use $mRNA$ and $tRNA$ to assemble an amino acid chain.

Mitosis

The phase of the cell cycle (Mitotic phase) involving cell division, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Epithelial Tissue

A category of tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands.

Connective Tissue

The most widespread and varied tissue in the body, characterized by an extracellular matrix containing protein fibers and fluid.

Melanocytes

Cells found in the skin that produce melanin to protect the nucleus from ultraviolet (UV) exposure.

Keratin

A tough, fibrous protein produced by skin cells that provides structural strength.

Eccrine Glands

Sweat glands with ducts that lead directly to the skin surface; they are primarily responsible for thermoregulation.

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands with ducts that lead to a hair follicle, primarily located in axillary and anogenital regions.

Second-degree burn

A burn involving the epidermis and part of the dermis, characterized by blisters, severe pain, swelling, and skin that may appear red, white, or tan.