NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

endocrine system

Along with the nervous system, the _ coordinates the body's functions to maintain homeostasis during rest and performance of works or activities.

• endocrine systems

• nervous

The _ and _ also work together to initiate and control movement, and all the physiological processes movement involves.

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

Two Parts of Nervous System

• brain

• spinal cord

What is in the CNS ?

Central Nervous System

is made up of the brain and spinal cord .

• brain

• spinal cord

Together, they form, as the name suggests, the literal center of the body’s communication system .

Central Nervous System

processes every sensation and thought that the animal experience.

Receptors

_ throughout the body gather sensory information and pass it on to the CNS.

Central Nervous System

also sends messages to the rest of the body to movement , actions, and responses to the environment. control

Peripheral Nervous System

is composed of nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system.

• bundles of axons from neuron cells

The neural networks that make up the PNS are actually _.

nerve bundles

The _ range from relatively small to large enough for the human eye to see.

• somatic nervous system

• autonomic nervous system

The PNS is further divided into two different systems:

somatic nervous system

transmits sensory communications and is responsible for voluntary movement and action.

• sensory (afferent) neurons

• motor (efferent) neurons.

somatic nervous system consists of:

sensory neurons

carry information from the nerves to the brain and spinal cord;

motor neurons

transmit information from the central nervous system to the muscle fibers

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary functions such as your heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and blood pressure.

autonomic nervous system

The system is also involved in emotional responses such as sweating and crying.

• sympathetic nervous system

• parasympathetic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into:

sympathetic nervous system

controls the body’s response to an emergency.

sympathetic nervous system

When the system is aroused, your heart and breathing rates increase, digestion slows or stops, your pupils dilate, and you begin to sweat.

• flight or fight response

• sympathetic nervous system

Also known as the _ this system prepares the body to confront danger or avoid it.

parasympathetic nervous system

balances the sympathetic system.

Parasympathetic nervous system

After a crisis or danger has passed, it helps calm your body by slowing heart and breathing rates, resuming digestion, contracting your pupils, and stopping sweating

Neurons or Nerve Cells

bundles of which make up nerves— are the building blocks of the body’s communication system.

Neurons or Nerve Cells

They're organized into networks thatallow signals to move between the brain and body.

Dendrites

Receive signals from other neurons

Nucleus

Contains genetic material

Cell Body (soma)

Contains nucleus and organelles

Axon

Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body

Myelin Sheath

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

Schwann’s Cells

Produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where ions exchange occurs

Axon Terminal

release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons

Cranial nerves

are the 12 nerves of the peripheral nervous system that emerge from the foramina and fissures of the cranium

1. Olfactory

2. Optic

3. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

5. Trigeminal

6. Abducens

7. Facial

8. Vestibulocochlear

9. Glossopharyngeal

10. Vagus

11. Spinal accessory

12. Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerves

• skull

• rostral to caudal

The cranial nerves’ numerical order (1-12) is determined by their _ exit location _

• nuclei

• brain

All cranial nerves originate from _ in the _

• Olfactory and Optic

• nucleus

• spinal cord

• brainstem

Two originate from the forebrain, one has a _ in the _(accessory) while the remained originate from the _

I. Olfactory

Cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell

II. Optic

Cranial nerve responsible for vision

III. Oculomotor

Cranial nerve responsible for eyeball, pupils, and lens movement

IV. Trochlear

Cranial nerve responsible for motion of eye muscles (superior oblique)

V. Trigeminal

Cranial nerve responsible for facial sensations and chewing

VI. Abducens

Cranial nerve responsible for eye movement (outward gaze)

VII. Facial

Cranial nerve responsible for movement of facial muscles and taste sensation from the anterior of the tongue

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

Cranial nerve responsible for sense of hearing and its vestibular portions are involved in balance, spatial sensation, and posture

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Cranial nerve responsible for sense of taste

X. Vagus

Cranial nerve responsible for controlling the heart, lungs, and digestion

XI. Spinal accessory

Cranial nerve responsible for shoulder and neck muscle movements

XII. Hypoglossal

Cranial nerve responsible for tongue movement

Endocrine system

Known as the regulatory system

hormones

The endocrine system produces and uses chemical signals called _

• endo

• within

• krine

• separate or secrete

Endocrine comes from Greek terms ““ meaning _ and ““ meaning to _

• endocrine organs

While powerful, the _ are relatively small

endocrine system

Like the nervous system, the _ is a regulatory system.

produces and uses chemical signals called hormones

The endocrine system, instead of using electrical impulses for signaling, like the nervous system, it _, which travel through the bloodstream and control the actions of cells and organs

Hormones

Secreted by endocrine tissues which are carried in the bloodstream to other cells of the body

• metabolism

• digestion

• reproduction

• electrolyte and fluid balance

• growth

• development

Hormones help regulate the:

excess and deficiency

_ of hormones will cause serious disorders

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary (Anterior and Posterior)

• Pineal Gland

• Thyroid

• Parathyroid

• Thymus

• Adrenal

• Pancreas

• Testes

• Ovaries

Glands of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus

Main control center for the autonomic nervous system

Hypothalamus

Re-establishes homeostasis and coordinates the endocrine system

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

GHRH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GnRH

Growth Hormone Inhibitory Hormone (Somatotrotopin)

GHIH

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor

PIF

Pituitary Gland

alco called “hypophysis”

Pituitary

near bottom of brain

Pituitary gland

“master gland”

1. Anterior Pituitary

2. Posterior Pituitary

2 Main Parts of the Pituitary Gland

Oxytocin

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, to stimulate the ejection of milk (letdown) during lactation, and to promote maternal nurturing behvaior

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

regulates water hormone

• Oxytocin

• ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

Hormones in Posterior Pituitary

• STH or GH

• Prolactin

• TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

• FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

• LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Hormones in Anterior Pituitary

STH or GH

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for growth of bones, regulating energy usage

Prolactin

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for mammary gland development and milk production

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for stimulating the adrenal gland

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for beginning the estrus cycle

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

anterior pituitary hormone responsible for initiating ovulation

Pineal gland

small pinecone-shaped structure located deep in the center of the brain, anterior to the cerebellum

Pineal gland

production of melatonin

Thyroid gland

“butterfly-shaped” gland located on the either side of 1st and 2nd tracheal rings in the neck

• Thyroxin (T4)

• Triiodothyronine (T3)

• Calcitonin

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

Thyroxin (T4)

hormone of the thyroid gland responsible for regulating the body's metabolism by controlling how quickly cells use energy, influencing growth, development, and overall energy balance.

• Triiodothyronine (T3)

hormone of the thyroid gland that controls the body’s metabolism by regulating how cells use energy, supporting growth, development, and the function of vital organs like the heart, brain, and muscles.

Calcitonin

hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates the body’s blood level of calcium

Hyperthyroidism

Definition: Overactive thyroid gland → too much thyroid hormone (T3/T4).
Main effects: Body speeds up.

Hypothyroidism

Definition: Underactive thyroid gland → too little thyroid hormone.
Main effects: Body slows down.

Parathyroid gland

located on the back of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

One of four small endocrine

Parathyroid gland

helps maintain normal calcium and phosphorus levels in the body and is necessary for proper bone development

Thymus

is an arrowhead-shaped structure that occupies the anterior mediastinum

Thymus

Makes and trains special white blood cells called T lymphocytes

Thymopoietin

fuels the production of T-cells

Thymosin and Thymulin

stimulates the development of precursor T cells in the thymus to mature T cells