Ethics in Nursing Research & Components of Nursing Research (Chs. 4-6) - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key ethics concepts, theories, guidelines, and nursing-research terminology from Chapters 4–6.

Ethics

Rules of conduct recognized in associations or departments of human life; derived from the Greek word et hikos.

Code of Ethics for Researchers of Santo Tomas University

Professional conduct grounded in respect for human rights and dignity, honor and justice, truthfulness, freedom, solidarity, and personal integrity.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

No torture; no cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; no non-consensual medical/scientific experimentation.

Nuremberg Code (1949)

Essential requirements for ethical research: voluntary consent, right to withdraw, protection from harm, and favorable balance of benefits and risks.

Declaration of Helsinki (1964, updated 2000)

Distinguishes therapeutic research from non-therapeutic research.

CIOMS Guidelines (1993; updated 2002)

21 guidelines covering issues such as informed consent, external review, and participant recruitment.

Belmont Report

Key considerations include boundaries between biomedical/behavioral research and routine practice, risk-benefit assessment, subject selection, and informed consent.

Code of Ethics for Nurses (2000 revision)

A guide for action based on social values and needs.

Deductive Approach

Applying a general principle to a particular case.

Teleology

Form of consequentialism; right/wrong based on outcomes; aims to maximize values for those affected.

Deontology

Moral obligation regardless of consequences; linked to justice and professional duty; codes of conduct are deontological.

Intuitionism

Right/wrong known instinctively through immediate insight into what is good for the client.

Inductive Approach

Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.

Virtue Ethics

Focus on moral character and excellence in performance; emphasizes competency in nursing.

Ethics of Care

Related to virtue ethics; emphasizes caring activities, nurse-patient relationships, and motives.

Reflective Approach

Beliefs shaped by perception of cases; viewed as a process, not just an outcome.

Beauchamp & Childress Principlism

Four guiding principles applied with case sensitivity: nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, respect for autonomy.

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm.

Beneficence

Do good; maximize benefits.

Justice

Fair treatment and distribution of benefits and burdens.

Respect for Autonomy

Honor individuals’ right to self-determination and voluntary choice.

Informed Consent

Free choice without coercion; may be given by a family/legal representative if the subject is incompetent.

Right to Self-Determination

Voluntary participation or refusal in research.

Right to Full Disclosure

Study purpose, risks, and benefits explained clearly to participants.

Right to Privacy, Anonymity & Confidentiality

Protection of personal information and identities in research.

Right to Intellectual Property

No plagiarism, fabrication, or distortion of data; results must be factual and evidence-based.

Institutional Review Board (IRB) / Research Ethics Board (REB)

Bodies that ensure ethical standards are followed in human participant research.

Title of the Study

Reflects the general idea; clear, concise (ideally ≤15 words); states variables, relationships, and population.

Introduction / Background of the Study

Discusses rationale and background; sets context, history, and research interest.

Statement of the Problem

Main question(s) to be answered; specifies major and minor problems, variables, and population; forms can be interrogative or declarative.

Purpose of the Study

Describes intent and rationale; specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound, and evidence-based.

Assumptions

Taken as true without proof; types include universal, study-related, and theory/research-based.

Definition of Terms

Explains meaning of study variables; includes conceptual, operational (denotative/connotative), and lexical definitions.

Significance of the Study

Highlights importance and contributions; potential beneficiaries include nursing practice, education, administration, and the public.

Scope and Delimitations

Delimitations set parameters (what is included/excluded); scope covers subjects, sampling, timeframe; delimitations affect manageability.

Limitations

Constraints beyond the researcher’s control.