6-2 Renal Pharmacology

Diuretic Agents

Agents that increase urine output and promote water loss from the body. Used to treat conditions such as hypertension, edema, and heart failure. Common types include loop, thiazide, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Side effects may include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.

Loop Diuretics

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* Class of diuretic drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidneys.
* Increase urine output and decrease fluid volume in the body, used to treat conditions such as edema, hypertension, and heart failure.


* Increase renal prostaglandins, resulting in the dilation of blood vessels and reduced peripheral vascular resistance


* Examples include furosemide, bumetanide, and ethacrynic acid


* Side effects may include electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and low blood pressure.

Loop diuretics

_______ can have several side effects, including electrolyte imbalances such as low potassium, sodium, and magnesium levels, dehydration, dizziness, headache, increased urination, and changes in blood pressure due to decreased vascular resistance. They can also cause potassium depletion

Loop diuretics

_______ are used to treat conditions such as edema, congestive heart failure and renal disease. They can also be used to increase renal excretion of calcium in clients with hypercalcemia

Loop Diuretics

_________ can effect the body by causing dizziness, headache, tinnitus, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting,   diarrhea, Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

Osmotic Diuretics

Class of drugs that increase urine production by creating an osmotic gradient in the kidneys, which prevents water reabsorption and increases the excretion of water and electrolytes. These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions such as cerebral edema, glaucoma, and acute renal failure by promoting the excretion of toxic substances.

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Class of diuretics that work by blocking the aldosterone receptors in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of sodium and water while retaining potassium. Used to treat hypertension and edema in patients with heart failure or liver cirrhosis. Examples include spironolactone and amiloride.

spironolactone

Drug used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure by blocking the actions of aldosterone, a hormone that can cause fluid retention. As well as hyperaldosteronism reversing the potassium loss caused by potassium-losing drugs

amiloride

Class: Potassium-Sparing Diuretic

Brand Name: Midamor

Uses: Reduces the amount of water and sodium retained in the body. Used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and edema.

Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May also cause high potassium levels in the blood.

Potassium sparing diuretics

___________ can cause side effects such as hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain.

Thiazide diuretics

Class of diuretics that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and early distal tubule, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, water, and potassium (to a lesser extent). Used to treat hypertension, edema, and heart failure and dilate the arterioles by direct relaxation. Common examples include hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone.

Thiazide diuretics

________ can cause side-effects such as low potassium levels, high blood sugar, dizziness, headache, and increased urination. They may also lead to dehydration, muscle cramps, diarrhea, decreased libido, blurred vision