Psych 1130-infancy

cephalocaudal princple

head to tail

biological growth begins at the top with the head, and proceeds downward to the rest of the body

proximodistal princple

middle of body outward

-the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers

teething

period of discomfort and pain experienced by infants as their new teeth break through their gums

growth patterns in infants

-teeth

-height

-weight

Infancy: 1st year of life 

-fast growth in first year triple weight 

-height growth irregular 

-only minor sex differences in height, weight, amount of fat and muscle during childhood 

when does the production of neurons start?

week 7 of prental development

synapses

tiny gaps between neurons across which neural communication takes place

neurotransmitter

chemical that enables neurons to communicate across synapse

axon

part of neuron that transmits electric impulses and releases neurotransmitters

-connecting fibers

dedrites

-recieve neurotransmitters

-arrays of short fibers that look like branches of a tree

during the fetal period what happens?

-14 week

-the axons become wrapped in a white, fatty substance which is a myelin sheath

myelination

-increases the speed of communication between neurons

-process of the growth of the myelin sheath around the axons of a neuron

synaptic pruning

process in brain development in which dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster and those that are unused whither away

-continues throughout childhood and adolscence

what are the brain different regions

-hindbrain

-midbrain

-forebrain

what does hindbrain and midbrain do?

keep lungs breathing, heart beating, and your bodily movements balanced

what is forebrain divided into?

-limbic system and structures of limbic system are hypothalmus, thalmus, and the hippocampus

-cerebral cortex

hypothalmus

-role in monitoring and regulating our basic animal functions like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual desire, and hormonal levels

thalmus

acts as recieving and transfer center for sensory information from the body to the rest of the brain

hippocampus

-long term memory

-transfers information from short term to long term memory

cerebral cortex

outer portion of the brain, containing two hemispheres and four reigions with distict functions

-ability to speak and understand language, to solve complex problems, and in terms of concepts, ideas, and symbols

different types of lobes and functions

-occipital lobe process visual information

-temporal lobe processing auditory information and understanding spoken lanaguage

-frontal lobes are producing spoken language and making decisions

pariteal lobe is process information from bodily sensations

prefrontal cortex

specialized abilities for planning and organizing information to direct beheavior

plasticity

highly responsive to enviromental circumstances

brain development can be influenced by enviromental circumstances

-infant brain not full matured yet

-brain ability to recover from injury, undamaged parts, of brain can often adapat to compensate for damaged portion

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

-death within the first year of life due to unknown reasons, with no appearant illness or disorder

-loss of reflex to move head and push away when breathing is obstructed

-suffocate

what are some causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

-sleeping stomach down or on the sidde instead of flat on the back

-low birth weight and low Apgar score

-having a mother who smoked during pregancy or being around tobacco smoke during infancy

-sleep in overheated room

-wearing multiple layers while sleeping

In infants, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers. This progression of motor development is called the __________.

proximodistal princple

Errol was physically and emotionally deprived until a couple adopted him from a Romanian orphanage at age 2½. Errol most likely __________.

will have more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age

which region of brain processes visual information

occipital lobe

when putting infants down to sleep, caregivers should lay them on their back_.

backs

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures __________.

where cosleeping is the norm

Marasmus

a disease in which body wastes away due to insuffient protein and calories

-body stops growing, death can be a result

-infants who surive, malnurition impairs normal development for years

what are causes of infant mortality

-serve birth defects

-preterm birth complications

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

infants with diarrhea drink a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water

__________ is a disease that occurs in infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic.

Msrasumus

Kateri is an American infant. Her pediatrician has just recommended to her parents that she begin to be introduced to solid food, such as rice cereal mixed with breast milk and formula. Kateri is probably __________ months of age.

4-6

what is true about immunizations

smallpox has been eradicated due to immunization

Sharon is a pediatrician working in a developing country. She would likely use oral rehydration therapy to treat __________.

diarrhea

gross moter develpment

-balance and posture

-crawling, walking, standing, sitting without support

fine motor development

motor abilties of movements such as grasping and manipulating

-reaching and grasping

-pull on objects

depth perception

the ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the enviroment

bionocular vision

the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image

a typical 1-year old infant

can grasp a utensil to feed himself

when motor development of infants is compared among cultures it is clear that enviroment has

a relatively small effect on gross motor development

without _ babies would not have depth perception

binocular vision

Four-month-olds look longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. This is evidence of __________.

intermodel perception

who developed the cognitve development theory?

Jean Piaget

-children of different ages think differently and changes in cognitve development proceed in distict stages

mental structure

the cognitve systems that organize thinking into coherent patterns so that all thinking takes place on the same level of cognitive functioning

what is cogntive developmental approach

focus on how cogntive abilties change with age in stage sequebce of development

schemas

which are cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

what is the difference in assimilation and accomdation?

assimilation is occuring when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme

accomadation entails changing the scheme to adapt to the new information

sensorimotor stage

-first 2 years of life

-learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activties

-stage 1 

-birth to 2 years 

-schemas mostly based on physical sensations, perceptions, body movements 

Shift from reflex beheavior to intentional action

object permanence

awareness that objects (people) continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them

Seena likes to suck on a pacifier during naptime at her daycare. One day, her mother forgets to pack the pacifier so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on __________.

accommodation

After an 8-month-old successfully solved the object-under-the-blanket task several times, Piaget introduced a second blanket next to the first, showed the infant the object, and this time placed it under the second blanket. Infants at this age then looked for the object __________.

under the first blanket

Five-month-old Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a-boo indicates that __________.

he has some understanding of object permanence

what is a critique of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?

it may have underestimated when infants were capable of object permanence

habituation

which is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations

dishabituation

is the revial of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presenations of a previous stimulus

short term memory

the capcity to retain information for a brief time

long term memory

knowledgge that is accumulated and retained over time

what is the orginal model for information processing approaches?

the computer

You and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. Initially, he is very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems to not be very interested in it after a few minutes. Your brother thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. You tell your brother that your cousin is actually displaying __________.

habituation

You are watching your next-door neighbor's 8-month-old infant. You notice that she is getting increasingly social. She directs her attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but to what the people around her are doing. She is __________.

engaging in joint attention

From infancy onward, __________ comes easier to us than __________.

recognition memory; recall memory

what happens when infants score extremely low on the Bayley scales?

they may have serious developmental problems and require intervention

Your brother is concerned that your nephew is not going to be a very good student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time. Is your brother likely to be correct?

No, infants who are short-lookers tend to have higher IQs and higher educational achievement than long-lookers later.

The three main scales on the BSID-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and __________ scale.

motor

Based on the research, do media products created for infants enhance their cognitive functioning?

No. Studies have concluded that educational media products have no beneficial effect on infants' cognitive development.

cooing

oo-ing and ah-ing and gurgling sounds babies make beginning at about 2 months old

babbling

repetitve consonant vowel combinations such as “ba-ba-ba”

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, and her favorite appears to be ba-ba-ba-ba. Patrice has reached the __________ milestone in language development.

babbling

Cressida talks to her 5-month-old baby in a sweet, high-pitched, exaggerated manner and says things like, "Good girl, you ate your sweet potatoes! You're a good girl, yes you are!" This special way of speaking to infants is called __________.

infant-directed speech

Infants show a preference for ID speech in a language they do not understand than for non-ID speech in their own language by the time they are __________.

4 months old

temperament

innate responses to the physical and social enviroment, including qualities of activity level, irratiablity, soothablity, emotional reactivity and sociablity

what is effective biological measure of temperament is

heart rate

In Thomas and Chess' longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?

Temperament in infancy predicated later development in some respects

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess' original study were classified as __________.

easy

Mary Rothbart and her colleagues have kept some of the Thomas and Chess temperament qualities, such as activity level and attention span, but also added a dimension of __________.

self-regulation

difference in primary and secondary emotions

primary emotions are basic emotions such as anger, sadnesss, fear, disgust, suprise, and happiness

secondary emotions are emotions which require social and cultural learning such as embrassement, guilt, and shame

Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his stroller. This fear is an example of a __________.

primary emotion

When do social smiles first appear?

in the second or third month

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia's reaction illustrates __________.

social referencing

Neonates often start to cry when they hear other neonates crying. This is an example of __________.

emotional contagion

Baby Hibiki feels safe and secure with his mother and knows that she will feed him, keep him warm, and love him. Because of the solid emotional foundation he has at home, Hibiki is likely to come to believe that he can count on others in his social world and that they too are worthy of love. Hibiki is likely to successfully resolve what Erik Erikson called the __________ crisis.

trust versus mistrust

Both Erikson and Bowlby viewed __________ as crucial to future emotional and social development

the first attachment relationship

difference in sensitive or critical periods

sensitive period is time when child skill/ability can still learn later in life, but will be more diffcult

critical period is time when learning most occur for skill/ability to develop, impossiable to learn later in life

What outcomes do you think were seen in children adopted under 6 months old, between 6 months to 2 years old, and those adopted at 2 to 3 years old?

-cognitve performance

-social functioning

-behind in cognitve and socail functioning in peers development

-changes in brain plascity

kwashiorkor

protein defiency in childhood

-lethargy, irritablity, thinning hair, body swelling with water (stomach), weakened immune system, coma and death

equilibrum

achieving a balance between assimilation and accomodation; achieved when new informaftion is sucessfully incorporated

A-not B error

When infant watches an object be hidden in location A and has retrieved it, but then sees the object hidden in location B, infant will still look for object in location A