A1.2 Nucleic Acids

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65 Terms

1
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What is the full name of DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

2
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What does DNA carry?

the genetic code for all living organisms

3
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What is the genetic code said to be?

Universal

4
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Where is DNA usually found?

In the nucleus

5
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Apart from the nucleus, where else could DNA be found?

in the chloroplasts or the mitochondria

6
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What is the full name for RNA?

Ribonucleic Acid

7
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What is RNA the main component of?

Ribosomes

8
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Apart from ribosomes, where else is RNA found?

in the cytoplasm and the nucleus

9
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Are viruses considered living?

No

10
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What are RNA and DNA?

Polymers

11
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What are the subunits of DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides

12
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What are the components of nucleotides?

A pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group

13
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What are the two type of pentose sugars?

ribose and deoxyribose

14
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What pentose sugar does RNA have?

ribose

15
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What pentose sugar does DNA have?

deoxyribose

16
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What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

Purines and Pyrimidines

17
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What are the purines?

A and G

18
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What are the pyrimidines?

T and C

19
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What distinguishes purines and pyrimidines?

purines have two rings, pyrimidines have one

20
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What are the nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A, G, C, T

21
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What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA?

A, G, C, U

22
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What are the full names of all the bases?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

23
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What is the chemical formula for a phosphate group?

POā‚„ā»

24
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What are the complimentary bases in DNA

A and T are complimentary, G and C are complimentary

25
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Draw a Nucleotide

knowt flashcard image
26
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What is the DNA backbone (show on diagram)

knowt flashcard image
27
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How is the bond between the phosphate group and carbon 3 on the pentose sugar made?

Condensation

28
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What is a polymer of nucleotides (forming a nucleic acid) known as?

a strand

29
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Describe the structure of ribonucleic acid

Relatively short, a single-stranded polynucleotide, with ribose as the pentose sugar

30
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What is the name of the bond between a carbon atom of a pentose sugar and the phosphate group?

A phosphodiester bond

31
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Draw the formation of a phosphodiester bond

knowt flashcard image
32
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What are the three types of RNA?

messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRna)

33
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What is the role of tRNA?

transports amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

34
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Define mRNA

formed in the nucleus and transported to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

35
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What is the use of rRNA?

forms part of ribosomes

36
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Define the structure of DNA

A double helix made of two anti-parrallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds between complimentary nitrogenous base pairs.

37
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How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

2

38
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How many hydrogen bonds are between G and C?

3

39
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What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA?

in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose, in DNA the pentose sugar is deoxyribose

In RNA thereā€™s no base thymine, instead thereā€™s uracid, in DNA thereā€™s no base uracil, instead thereā€™s thymine

RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded

40
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What are the three roles of bases pairing?

DNA replication, transcription, and translation

41
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Define briefly the role of base sequences in DNA replication

the base sequences in DNA can be accurately copied so the genetic information of a cell can be passed on to daughter cells

42
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Define briefly the role of base sequences in DNA transcription

RNA can be made of the same base sequence as 1 of the DNA strands, mRNA carries the sequence of a the protein coding gene to the ribosome

43
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Explain (in detail) translation using complimentary base pairs and codons

A base sequence can be used to determine the the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide. mRNA has a three-base codon, tRNA carries a three-base anticodon and 1 amino acid. Ribosomes link condons to anti-codons by complimentary base pairing

44
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What is the formula for the number of base pairs?

4āæ

45
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How much information can be stored in DNA?

A limitless amount

46
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how many codons are there?

64

47
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How do codons provide proof of LUCA?

There are billions of ways to assign meaning to codons, but all living organisms do the same way (with slight variation)

48
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What is the use of codons?

They can indicate any one of the amino acids

49
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Where does the phosphate group form a bridge between when linking nucleotides?

Carbon 3 and Carbon 5

50
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What is the name of the ends of nucleotides?

3ā€™ and 5ā€™

51
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What molecule is at each end of the nucleotide?

OH

52
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Draw a single strand nucleotide showing 3ā€™ and 5ā€™

knowt flashcard image
53
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Explain the advantages of having a purine attach to a pyrimidine?

The width is always the same creating a stable molecule

54
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explain the role of a nucleosome

A disc-like structure which packages DNA into a condensed chromosome which allows the control of replication and transcription

55
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Define the structure of a nucleosome

8 histone proteins in itā€™s core with DNA wound twice around it and held together by an additional histone protein.

56
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What is the name of the experiment that found that genes came from DNA and not proteins?

the Hershey-Chase experiment

57
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What radioactive isotopes were used in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Ā³āµS and Ā³Ā²P

58
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What bacteria was used during the Hershey-Chase experiment?

E. Coli

59
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What element does DNA contain that proteins donā€™t?

Phosphur

60
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What element does protein contain that DNA doesnā€™t?

Sulfur

61
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What is the supernatant?

The liquid

62
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What is the relationship between the percentages of bases A and G?

Their sum equals 50%

63
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What is the relationship between the percentages of bases T and C?

Their sum equals 50%

64
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What is the relationship between the percentages of bases G and C?

Theyā€™re equal

65
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What is the relationship between the percentages of bases A and T?

Theyā€™re equal