Body Organization, Microscope, and Cell Organelles Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering body cavities, nine abdominal regions, microscope parts and functions, total magnification, cell organelles, and the protein processing pathway.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Body cavity located toward the back (posterior) of the body that contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) cavity.

Cranial Cavity

Subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the brain.

Vertebral Cavity

Subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the spinal cord; also referred to as the spinal cavity.

Ventral Body Cavity

Body cavity located toward the front (anterior) of the body that contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Thoracic Cavity

Subdivision of the ventral body cavity containing the heart and lungs, composed of the right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, and mediastinum.

Right Pleural Cavity

Subdivision of the thoracic cavity that contains the right lung.

Left Pleural Cavity

Subdivision of the thoracic cavity that contains the left lung.

Mediastinum

Central area of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Subdivision of the ventral body cavity consisting of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Abdominal Cavity

Subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity containing organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

Subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Right Hypochondriac Region

Abdominal region located in the upper row on the person's right side.

Epigastric Region

Abdominal region located in the upper row in the center position.

Left Hypochondriac Region

Abdominal region located in the upper row on the person's left side.

Right Lumbar Region

Abdominal region located in the middle row on the person's right side.

Umbilical Region

Abdominal region located in the center of the middle row; main landmark is the belly button.

Left Lumbar Region

Abdominal region located in the middle row on the person's left side.

Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominal region located in the bottom row on the person's right side.

Hypogastric (Pubic) Region

Abdominal region located in the bottom row in the center position.

Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominal region located in the bottom row on the person's left side.

Ocular Lens / Eyepiece

The microscope lens you look through, usually providing $10\times$ magnification.

Objective Lenses

Lenses situated near the specimen that magnify it, including scanning ($4\times$), low power ($10\times$), high power ($40\times$), and oil immersion ($100\times$).

Revolving Nosepiece

Microscope component that holds the objective lenses and rotates to change objectives.

Stage

The flat platform on a microscope where the slide is placed.

Stage Clips

Microscope components used to hold the slide securely in place on the stage.

Mechanical Stage Controls

Controls on a microscope used to move the slide left/right and forward/backward.

Condenser

Microscope component located under the stage that focuses light onto the specimen.

Iris Diaphragm

Microscope component that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

Illuminator

The light source of the microscope that provides illumination.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Microscope knob used for large focusing adjustments by significantly moving the stage or objective, primarily used on low power.

Fine Adjustment Knob

Microscope knob used for small focusing adjustments to sharpen and finalize image focus.

Arm

Microscope structure that supports the upper portion and is used along with the base to carry the instrument.

Base

Bottom supporting structure of the microscope.

Total Magnification Formula

Calculation defined by $\text{Total magnification} = \text{ocular} \times \text{objective}$.

Cell Membrane

The outer boundary of the cell that acts as a security guard by controlling what enters and leaves the cell.

Nucleus

Large cellular structure that contains DNA and acts as the control center for cell activities.

Nucleolus

Structure located inside the nucleus that acts as a ribosome factory by producing ribosome components.

Mitochondria

Oval or bean-shaped organelles with squiggly inner folds that produce ATP energy, serving as the powerhouse of the cell.

Ribosomes

Tiny cellular structures that serve as protein factories to manufacture proteins.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that functions in protein processing and transport.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes that functions in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle resembling a stack of flattened, curved sacs that acts like a post office to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials.

Lysosome

Small membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that functions as a recycling and trash center to break down waste, old cell parts, and cellular debris.

Cytoplasm

The area inside the cell outside the nucleus containing cytosol and suspended organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers throughout the cell providing shape, structural support, and assisting with internal and external movement.

Protein Processing Pathway

Sequential pathway for protein production: $\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{mRNA} \rightarrow \text{Ribosome} \rightarrow \text{Rough ER} \rightarrow \text{Golgi} \rightarrow \text{Vesicle} \rightarrow \text{Destination}$.