A+P I Ch. 5

What are the four primary tissues?

muscular, skeletal, epithelial, connective

what are tissues composed of?

cells

what three germ layers to tissues form from?

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

what are the general locations/characteristics of epithelial tissue (what does it line)?

covers the body surface, lines body cavities, external and internal linings of many organs, and most gland tissue

surfaces of epithelial tissue

free surface/apical, basement membrane (basal lamina, and reticular laminate)

where is the free surface?

exposed to the outside or to an open space internally

where is the basement membrane?

underside layer that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue (consists of two lamina)

what does basal laminate do

acts as a selective filter/adhesive

what does reticular laminate do?

contains a network of collagen protein fibers (formed by the connective tissue)

what is the vascularity of epithelial tissue?

avascular

how is epithelial tissue nourished?

diffusion from blood vessels ion the underlying connective tissue

epithelial regenerative properties

high regeneration capacity and cells readily divide through mitosis

what is the extracellular space like of epithelial tissue

little extracellular space; cells are tightly packed

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, filtration, absorption, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

what are the three types of epithelium?

simple, stratified, glandular

how many names is each epithelium given?

two (first name=number of layers; second name=shape of cells)

how many irregularly shaped sides does each epithelium have?

six

function of simple epithelium

absorption, secretion, and filtration

how many layers are in simple epithelium

one (little protection)

how much space is in between cells

none. tiled floor

where is simple epithelium found

where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority

examples for where simple epithelium is found

kidneys, blood vessels, and alveoli in lungs

what does simple squamous epithelium look like?

single layer of flattened cells, nuclei look like flattened discs

cytoplasm in simple squamous epithelium is ____

sparse

where is simple squamous epithelium most common?

sites of diffusion and filtration

what are the two types of simple squamous

mesothelium and endothelium

what is endothelium

inside covering, lining of lymphatics, cardiovascular, and hollow organs

what is mesothelium

“middle covering”, serous membrane linings of the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

which tissue is this?

simple squamous epithelium

what does simple cuboidal epithelium look like

single layer of cube shaped cells, large spherical nuclei

what is the function of simple cuboidal

protection, absorption and secretion

where is simple cuboidal epithelium located

ducts, secretory potions of small glands, kidney tubules, and ovary surface

which tissue is this

simple columnar epithelium

which tissue is this

simple cuboidal

which tissue is this

simple columnar epithelium

which tissue is this

simple squamous epithelium

simple columnar functions

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels

what does simple columnar epithelium look like

single layer of cells that are elongated, longer than they are wide

where are the nuclei located in the simple columnar

same level near basement membrane

what does simple columnar epithelium have that mekes it ideal for absorption and secretion?

goblet cells: secrete mucous on to the free surface of the tissue

dense microvilli on the apical surface of the absorptive cells

what does pseudo stratified columnar epithelium look like

sing layer of cells or differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei seen at different levels

what might pseudo stratified columnar epithelium contain?

goblet cells and cilia

function of pseudo stratified columnar

secretion of primarily muscus, propulsion of mucus by cilliary motion

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

respiratory tract and sperm carrying ducts

how many layers does stratified epithelium have

two or more

where and why does stratified epithelium regenerate

regenerates from below and pushes out old cells to replace with new ones

stratified epithelium is ___

durable

major role of stratified epithelium

protection

many ___ make stratified squamous epithelium relatively ___

cell layers; thick

functions of stratified squamous epithelium

cells divide in the deeper layers and newer cells push out older cells, where they flatten; forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

locations of stratified squamous

mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal—-tissues are not keratinized

which tissue is this

stratified squamous epithelium

which tissue is this

stratified squamous epithelium

what are the basal layer cells of transitional epithelium?

cells are cuboidal or columnar, surface cells are rounded

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine

where is transitional epithelium located?

ureter, bladder, parts of urethra

what is a gland?

one or more cells that make or secrete a particular product into ducts or bodily fluids

what type of epithelium is glandular epithelium located in?

columnar or cuboidal epithelium

which two types of glands are there

endocrine and exocrine

what is the function of an endocrine gland

secrete products into tissue fluid or blood

what is the function of an exocrine gland

secrete products into a duct that opens onto a surface

what do exocrine glands do

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

how do unicellular glands secrete product

exocytosis (sweat, mucus, oil, and salivary glands)

how do multicellular glands secrete product

ducts (liver (bile), pancreas (digestive enzymes))

explain how much their release, example of what they release, and where

merocrine: release by exocytosis, saliva is most common

apocrine: loses small portions of cell body; mammary gland and small particles in milk

holocrine: releases entire cells filled with secretory products; oil glands

what do endocrine glands do

internal secretion

do endocrine glands have ducts?

no

what is their function

produces hormones

how are hormones produced through endocrine glands

serrated by exocytosis into extracellular space and picked ip by lymph or blood and travel to target organs

example of endocrine glands

thyroid glands, pituitary glands, and pancreas (insulin and glucagon)

where is connective tissue located?

everywhere in the body; most abundant and wide spread tissue

what is the origin of connective tissue cells

arise from mesenchyme/embryonic tissue

what is ground substance

fills space between cells and made up of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion protiens, and proteoglycans (filler substance between cells)

what type of cells exist in connective tissue

macrophages, fibroblasts, WBC’s, plasma cells, mast cells,, and adipocytes

which types of fibers are in connective tissue

collagen, elastin, reticular

what are collagen fibers made up of

collagen protein; extremely tough

what are elastin fibers made of

elastin, found in lung, skin, and blood vessels

what are reticular fibers made up of

collagenous fibers, surround blood vessels and softt tissue of organs, also near other tissue types

what are fibroblasts

most common type of fixed cell; produce fibers by secreting proteins into the matrix

what are macrophages

wandering cell; specialized for phagocytosis scavenging for foreign particles

what are mast cells

release heparin, a compound that prevents blood clotting; release histamine—promotes inflammation and allergy response

which type of fiber is this

collagen

which type of fiber is this (tiny ones)

elastin fiber

what is the vascularity of connective tissue

varies greatly; avascular, poorly vascularized, rich supply

functions of connective tissue

structural framework, transport nutrients and wastes, protection for vital organs, support and interconnection, insulate and store energy, contributes to body defense and repair

loose connective tissues

areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissues

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

areolar connective tissue functions

wraps/cushions organs and binds tissues and muscles together

location of loose connective

surrounds capillaries and under epithelia

2 areolar connective fibers

collagen and elastin

which tissue is this

loose connective tissue

function of adipose tissue

insulates, stores energy, and protects organs

location of adipose tissue

under skin, wraps kidneys and eyeballs

which tissue is this

adipose connective tissue

function of reticular connective tissue

supports other cells

location of reticular

spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

which tissue is this

reticular connective tissue

function of white fibrous connective tissue

attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments)

where is white fibrous connective tissue located

tendons and ligaments

which dense connective tissue is this: closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to direction of pull (tendons and ligaments)

dense regular