Medcerts Lesson 3

neoplasm

a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer

benign

harmless

malignant

harmful

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of cell tissues

cell theory

(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

Organelles

inner workings of a cell

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

intracellular fluid

fluid inside cells

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

slectively permeable

some substances are selected to pass through while others are kept out

membrane proteins

Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane

Endcytosis

the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

white blood cells (leukocytes)

innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

muscle cells

Covert chemical energy into mechanical energy and generate force

nerve cells

fast cell communication, sends impulses through nervous system

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Permanent cells

Cells that cannot undergo mitosis, cardiac cells and brain cells

Stable cells

cells that stop regenerating when growth is complete but can resume regeneration if injured, liver cells and kidney cells

Labile cells

Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly

Genetics

the study of heredity, gene- producing and -tics relating to

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, 22 pairs

Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, the 23rd chromosomes

Down Syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

males with an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits

dominant gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

recessive gene

Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

epitheial tissue

covers body surface; lines cavities, forms secretory glands; packed close together to form sheets; classified by shape; commonly arranged

connective tissue

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, defined by extra cellular matrix surrounding the cells. Major functions support, protect and bind other tissues together. Cartilage, bone tissue, and blood are connective tissues. Tendons, and fat tissues are under our skin made of connective tissue

Nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body

Muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move: smooth muscle (organs), cardiac muscle (heart), and skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Oldest muscle tissue in evolutionary terms which cannot be controlled voluntarily

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

skelatal muscle

muscles attached to the bones of your skeleton, and provides the force that moves your bones, sends signals from nervous system

genetic disorder

An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

Thalassemia

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

chromosomal diseases

occur when a person inherits the wrong number of-or incomplete-chromosomes.

familial disorder

Condition that affects more than one person in a family

Amniotic fluid test

also referred to as amniocentesis; an obstetric procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities and fetal infection; often detects Down syndrome, Edward syndrome (trisomy 18), and Turner syndrome (monosomy X)

triple screen test and quad test

Use blood of pregnant women to screen for genetic disorders

ultrasound examination

Anatomic defects and disorders can be identified

cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)

-extra copies of trinucleotide CGG on X chromosome

-more frequent in males than females

-symptoms range from learning disabilities to severe mental retardation, behavior and attention problems, autistic behaviors

-physical: long face and jaw bone and loose joints

Turner syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted

Hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine

muscular dystrophy (MD)

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

Physiological Hyperplasia

Growth stimulated by a natural or physiologic process

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

physiologic hypertrophy

Increase in muscle mass for physical reasons

Pathologic growth

Sometimes growth doesn't have a natural cause, can be called pathologic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

pathologic hyperplasia

Increased cell division due to disease or pathology, a sign of precancerous development

Tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

neoplasia/neoplasm

a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function : tumor

Lipoma

fatty tumor

osteoma

bone tumor

Chondroma

benign tumor of cartilage

Hemangioma

tumor consisting of blood vessels

leiomyoma

smooth muscle tumor

fibroma

fibrous tissue tumor

Hematoma

A localized swelling filled with blood

Malignant neoplasms

cancer

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs, precancerous

Cancer in Situ (CIS)

an early form of cancer - the cancer cells replace the lining layer but they do not spread to deeper areas of the tissue or to other parts of the body

carcinoma

a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs

squamous cells carcinoma

Skin cancer that begins I the flat squamous cells of the superficial layer of the epidermis

basal cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis

adenocarcinoma of the breast

malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue

Adenocarcinoma of prostate

malignant tumor of the prostate gland

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

most common type of cervical cancer

Sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

Malignant lymphomas

Diverse group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system

Leukemia

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition

Osteosarcoma

malignant tumor of the bone

Chondrosarcoma

malignant tumor of cartilage

leiomyosarcoma

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

coronary artery disease

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart, #1 leading cancer diagnoses

Men leading cancer diagnoses

Prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer

Women leading cancer diagnoses

Breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer

Staging of cancer

is the process of determining where the cancer is located and the extent of its invasion. Once a cancer is staged the level does not change even if the cancer progresses.

TNM system

tumor, node, metastasis system of categorizing tumors

Stage 0 cancer

in situ, abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3

Cancer is present and may have local to regional metastases depending on stage

Stage 4

Cancer has a metastasized and spread to distant parts of the body

palliative care

Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family

immunotherapy

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease