Chapter 11 - Emotion and Motivation

emotion

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

discrete emotions theory

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology

primary emotions

small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

cognitive theories of emotion

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

somatic marker theory

theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act

Cannon-Bard theory

theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

two-factor theory

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal

facial feedback hypothesis (loop)

theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature inforation in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

micro expressions

rapid movements of facial muscles which are tied to underlying emotions

nonverbal leakage

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour

proxemics

study of personal space

Pinocchio response

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying

positive psychology

discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

defensive pessimism

strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes

broaden and build theory

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

positivity effect

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

affective forecasting

ability to predict our own and others’ happiness

durability bias

belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do

hedonic treadmill

tendenct for our moods to adapt to external circumstances

motivation

psychological drive that propel us in a specific direction

drive reduction theory

theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivates us to act in ways that minomoze aversive states

homeostasis

equilibrium

Yerkes-Dodson law

inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand

hierarchy of needs

model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

glucostatic theory

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the aount of energy used

set point

value that etablishes a range of body and muscle mass that we tend to maintain

internal-external theory

theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that is overweight

excitement phase

phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it

plateau phase

phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds

orgasm (climax) phase

phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both males and females

resolution phase

phase in human sexual response following organism, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being

approach-avoidance

choosing an alternative that has both attractive and repellent aspect

approach-approach

choosing between two equally attractive alternatives

avoidance-avoidance

choosing between two equally repellent alternatives

multiple approach-avoidance

choosing between two or more alternatives that each have attractive and repellent aspects

proximity

physical nearness; a predictor of attraction

similarity

extent to which we have things in common with others; a predictor of attraction

reciprocity

rule of give and take; a predictor of attraction

companionate love

love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner

hunger

a craving, desire, or urgent need for food

eating disorders

are psychological disorders characterized by gross disturbances in eating behaviour and responses to food