Child and adolescent exam #1

child development

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence

developmental science

includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan.

what are the categories that development

physical, cognitive, emotional and social

theory

orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

continuous

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

nature

the hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception

nurture

the complex forces of the physical and social world that influences our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

normative approach

measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

psychoanalytic perspective

children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

psychosexual theory

emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

id

the largest portion of the mind. The source of basic biological needs and desires

ego

the conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id’s impulses into acceptable behaviors

superego

conscience, develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

who invented the psychosocial theory

Erikson

who invented the psychosexual theory

Freud

what are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial model

Birth - 1 year: basic trust vs. mistrust

1-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3-6 years: initiative vs. guilt

6- 11 years: industry vs. inferiority

Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion

what are the stages of Frued’s psychosexual model

Birth - 1 year: oral

1-3 years: anal

3-6 years: phallic

6-11 years: latency

Adolescence: genital

behaviorism

directly observable events — stimuli and response — are the appropriate focus of study

what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Birth- 2 years: sensorimotor

2-7 years: preoperational

7-11 years: concrete operational

11 years on: formal operation

cognitive development theory

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

developmental cognitive neuroscience

relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns

developmental social neuroscience

devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development

sensitive period

a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences

sociocultural theory

focuses on how culture — the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group

microsystem

activities and interaction patterns in the child’s immediate surroundings

mesosystem

encompasses connections between microsystems

exosystem

consists of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings

macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

clinical interviews

researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view

structured interview

each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way

correlational design

researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experience

experimental design

permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedures to assign people to two assign people to two or more treatment conditions

chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

gene

a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

chemical substance that chromosomes are made up of

meiosis

process where gametes are formed

sex chromosomes

females: XX

males: XY

homozygous

inherited trait

heterozygous

relationships between the alleles influence the phenotype

dominant-recessive inheritance

only one allele affects the child’s characteristics

carriers

when heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele can pass the trait to their children

incomplete dominance inheritance

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two

genomic impriniting

alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, within the ovum or sperm in such a way that one pair member is silenced, leaving the other to be expressed regardless of its makeup

mutation

a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

what is down syndrome

when there is failure in the 21st pair of chromosomes

genetic counseling

a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals

prenatal diagnostic methods

medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth

what are the factors of socioeconomic status (SES)

1. years of education

2. the prestige of one's job and the skills it requires

   1. income

what percentage of the U.S. population today lives in poverty

13.5 percent - 43 million Americans

what percentage of the U.S. population live in homelessness

more than 3 percent - 2.5 million Americans

subcultures

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture

collectivism culture

people stress group goals over individual goals and value interdependent qualities

individualism culture

people are largely concerned with their own personal needs and value independence — personal exploration, discovery, achievement, and choice in relationship

behavioral genetics

a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

heritability estimates

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

gene-environment interaction

because of a person’s genetic makeup they differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

gene-environment correlation

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

passive correlation

the child has no control

evocative correlation

children evoke responses that are influenced by the child’s heredity and these responses strengthen the child’s original style

epigenesis

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

methylation

a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression

what are the three periods in a women’s pregnancy

1. the germinal period

2. the period of the embryo

3. the period of the fetus

germinal period

lasts 2 weeks

from fertilization and formation of the zygote until the tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus

implantation

the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining

placenta

organ that permits exchange of food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away, while also preventing the mother’s embryo’s blood from mixing directly

umbilical cord

contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products

period of the fetus