Child and adolescent exam #1

child development

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence

developmental science

includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan.

what are the categories that development

physical, cognitive, emotional and social

theory

orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

continuous

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

nature

the hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception

nurture

the complex forces of the physical and social world that influences our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

normative approach

measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

psychoanalytic perspective

children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

psychosexual theory

emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

id

the largest portion of the mind. The source of basic biological needs and desires

ego

the conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id’s impulses into acceptable behaviors

superego

conscience, develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

who invented the psychosocial theory

Erikson

who invented the psychosexual theory

Freud

what are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial model

Birth - 1 year: basic trust vs. mistrust

1-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3-6 years: initiative vs. guilt

6- 11 years: industry vs. inferiority

Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion

what are the stages of Frued’s psychosexual model

Birth - 1 year: oral

1-3 years: anal

3-6 years: phallic

6-11 years: latency

Adolescence: genital

behaviorism

directly observable events — stimuli and response — are the appropriate focus of study

what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Birth- 2 years: sensorimotor

2-7 years: preoperational

7-11 years: concrete operational

11 years on: formal operation

cognitive development theory

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

developmental cognitive neuroscience

relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns

developmental social neuroscience

devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development

sensitive period

a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences

sociocultural theory

focuses on how culture — the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group

microsystem

activities and interaction patterns in the child’s immediate surroundings

mesosystem

encompasses connections between microsystems

exosystem

consists of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings

macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

clinical interviews

researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view

structured interview

each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way

correlational design

researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experience

experimental design

permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedures to assign people to two assign people to two or more treatment conditions