Advanced Cybersecurity 2.5 - 2.7

Redundancy

Redundancy

The duplication of components or functions of a system to increase reliability of the system

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

Using multiple drives in a single array, storing some or all of the data in the redundant drive

RAID 0

Striping without parity, no fault tolerance

RAID 1

Mirroring, duplicates data for fault tolerance

RAID 5

Striping with parity, fault tolerance

Striping

Distributing data across multiple disks for optimal access and management

Parity

Type of drive used for fault tolerance

Mirroring

Duplicating or “mirroring” data across multiple drives

Load balancing

Some servers are active and some on standby; if active fails, passive replaces it

NIC Teaming

Using multiple network interface cards (NICs) to provide redundancy to a server

UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply)

Provides short-term backup power during blackouts or surges

Offline/standby UPS

Not normally enabled unless power is lost

Line-interactive UPS

UPS ramps up if voltage is slowly diminishing on the line

Online/double-conversion UPS

Always active/always providing power

PDU (Power Distribution Unit)

Device that provides multiple power sources or outlets

SAN (Storage Area Network)

Specialized, high-performance networks of storage devices

Full backup

Backs up everything; you want this first before any other backup

Incremental backup

Backs up all files changed since last incremental backup

Differential backup

Backs up all files changed since last full backup

Magnetic tape backup

Sequential storage, easy to ship/store

Disk backup

Faster than magnetic tape

Copy backup

Useful but may not include versioning

NAS (Network Attached Storage)

Connect to a shared storage device across network, file-level access

Non-persistence resiliency

Cloud is always in motion, app instances are constantly built and torn down

High-availability resiliency

Devices that are always on and available to help maintain app uptime and availability

Embedded systems

Hardware and software designed for a specific function or as a part of a larger system

SoC (System on a Chip)

Multiple components running on a single chip, small form-factor and difficult to upgrade

FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)

An integrated circuit that can be configured after manufacturing

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System)

An ICS (Industrial Control System) that monitors and controls infrastructure processes

Real-time OS

An OS with a deterministic processing schedule - no time to wait for other processes

5G

Significant performance improvement and higher frequency (10 gb/sec)

Narrowband

Communicates analog signals over a narrow range of frequencies, used along long distances

Baseband

Baseband uses a single frequency to communicate (while broadband uses a large number of frequencies)

Zigbee

Alternative to WiFi/Bluetooth and has larger distance than Bluetooth but less power consumption than WiFi; used for low-power IoT networks