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What is learning defined as in the context of behavior?
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Who is associated with the theory of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?
Any event or situation that does not initially evoke a response.
What is the result of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.
What type of responses are typically associated with classical conditioning?
Involuntary or automatic responses.
What was the outcome of Pavlov's experiment with dogs and salivation?
Dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tone when it was paired with food.
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
The ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response diminishes over time without reinforcement from the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction.
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
What does operant conditioning focus on?
The association between a behavior and its consequences.
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
Behaviors that produce favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
What is positive reinforcement?
A reward or pleasant consequence that follows a response.
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an unpleasant condition following a response.
What is positive punishment?
The application of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What are cognitive maps?
Mental representations of spatial arrangements, important in latent learning.
What is observational learning?
Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior.
What effect does violent media have on behavior according to research?
It may trigger aggressive behavior in children.
What was the main finding of Bandura's Bobo doll studies?
Children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing violence.
What is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
