BIOL 1010 Exam 3 Complete Review

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, allows for speech and sense of smell

describe inhalation, all structures, muscles that contract, and trace the pathway of air

diaphragm contracts, external intercostal muscles contract (raise the rib cage), thoracic cavity and lungs expand (pressure inside the lungs and alveoli drops), air rushes in, PATHWAY: nasal cavity-pharynx-glottis-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli, oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into pulmonary capillaries

where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place?

thin respiratory membrane (alveolar epithelium + pulmonary membrane)

describe exhalation, all structures, muscles that contract, and the pathway of air

passive and active exhalation, reverse pathway of inhalation

what happens when we sneeze, cough, and snore?

getting rid of dust and pathogens in respiratory system

define these terms: lung capacity, vital capacity, tidal volume, and residual volume

lung capacity: maximum volume of air the lungs can hold (VC + RV)

vital capacity: amount of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath

tidal volume: air flowing into and out of the lungs in the respiratory system

residual volume: remains in lungs, keeps them inflated

describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across thin respiratory membrane, oxygens flows into pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide flows out into alveoli

how are water and solutes lost and gained from the body?

gained by: absorption from liquid and solid foods--digestive tract, metabolism, respiration

lost by: urinary excretion, evaporation from respiratory surfaces, sweat, elimination in feces

what is the nephron? where is it located?

basic functional unit of the kidney, they are slender tubules that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla

trace how fluid moves through the nephron and how urine is excreted from the body

starts at bowman's capsule (inside is the glomerulus that filters blood)-proximal convoluted tubule-loop of henle-distal convoluted tubule-collecting duct (duct system leads into the kidney's central cavity, renal pelvis-and then to the ureter)

explain filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion (include the glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, and the different parts of the nephron)

filtration: pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries

reabsorption: solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation

secretion: solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron (opposite of reabsorption)

excretion: water and solutes that were not reabsorbed or were secreted into the tubule flow into the renal pelvis, eliminated from the body by the urinary tract

what other organs are utilized and how for secretion?

solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron

hypothalamus:

in forebrain, synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are conveyed to the pituitary gland

pituitary gland:

"master gland" at base of hypothalamus (anterior and posterior lobe), posterior lobe: secretes 2 hormones syntesized in hypothalamus--antidiuretic and oxytocin, anterior lobe: follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, somatotropin

adrenal medulla (=middle):

inner part of adrenal gland (on top of kidneys), secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal cortex:

secretes cortisol

thyroid gland:

base of trachea, secretes thyroxine and calcitonin

parathyroid gland:

on posterior side of the thyroid, secretes parathyroid hormone

pancreas:

glucagon and insulin

testes:

secretes testosterone

ovaries:

produce estrogen and progesterone

thymus:

located in chest, secretes thymosine hormones

pineal gland:

brain, produces melatonin

oxytocin:

responsible for milk letdown in females

antidiuretic:

reabsorption of water from the nephron

Follicle stimulating hormone:

causes follicles to mature in females and stimulates testes to produce sperm in males

Luteinizing hormone:

causes ovulation and formation of corpus lutem and testes produce testosterone

Thyroid stimulating hormone:

stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone:

stimulates cortex of adrenal glands to produce cortisol

prolactin:

milk production in females

somatotropin:

growth hormone

epinephrine and norepinephrine:

increase heart rate, direct blood to heart and muscles, more oxygen to energy demanding cells, fight or flight

cortisol:

raises blood glucose levels

thyroxine:

metabolism

iodine =

keeps blood levels up in thyroid

low levels of blood in thyroid =

hypothyroidism

calcitonin:

promotes deposition of calcium in the bone

Parathyroid hormone:

raises blood calcium levels

glucagon:

raises blood glucose levels

insulin:

causes glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood, lowers blood glucose levels

testosterone:

development of secondary sex characteristics, promotes development of sperm, responsible for sex drive

estrogen:

produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy

progesterone:

maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy

thymosine hormones:

causes the maturation of lymphocytes

melatonin:

delays the onset of sexual maturing, regulates biorhythms

what other glands and organs do the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland affect?

affects nephrons, ovaries, testes, thyroid, and adrenal glands

when oxygen is in the pulmonary capillaries, where did it come from?

alveoli

what three processes form urine?

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

if someone's kidneys failed, then they would no longer be able to:

filter water, mineral ions, organic wastes, and other substances from the blood. also: couldn't form some urine (1% of substances that doesn't return to blood)

a kidney stone is in the ureter, where will it go next?

the urinary bladder and then the urethra

what is filtered at the glomerulus?

blood (water and solutes taken out, maybe some large proteins)

high levels of glucose in the urine indicates:

diabetes

when filtrate is in the loop of henle, where will it go next?

distal convoluted tubule

where do filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place?

the nephron in the kidneys

if your metabolism was off, then what gland/s might be malfunctioning?

thyroid

how would someone remove lead from their bloodstream?

the large intestine removes salts and heavy metals from blood (feces)

you lose water and become dehydrated, what are four possible ways that you lost that water?

urinary excretion, evaporation from respiratory surfaces, sweat, and elimination in feces

if your blood sugar was too high, then what gland is not producing enough of its hormone?

pancreas (insulin not working)

what is the corpus luteum?

scar tissue found on ovary after oocyte leaves ovary, produces progesterone during pregnancy

if you were chased by a bear, hormones from this gland would be released to help you run away:

adrenal medulla (epinephrine + norepinephrine)

****if filtration were not occurring, what would happen to you?

blood would be full of waste, toxins, and extra water

****a substance has just left the circulatory system and gone into the nephron. what was the process/processes that placed that substance in the nephron?

filtration

****when water and solutes are in the distal convoluted tubule, where will they go next?

collecting ducts

****how can a breathalyzer tell how much alcohol is in someone's blood?

the lungs help your body get rid of alcohol when you exhale; alcohol crosses mucus membranes

what hormone is secreted at its highest levels at the time of the corpus luteum formation?

LH

when urine leaves the renal pelvis it will next travel into the:

ureter

what are the blood vessels called that wrap around the nephron?

peritubular capillaries

if you breathe out as much as you can, is there still air in your lungs?

yes, the residual volume

the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland directly affects the production of what other hormones?

Follicle stimulating hormone: ovaries and testes

Luteinizing Hormone: ovaries and testes

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal glands

carbon dioxide is in your alveoli, where did it come directly from?

came from pulmonary capillaries, which came from the pulmonary artery in your heart

this gland is large in children but absent in adults:

thymus

****if you have a goiter, how'd you get that?

lack of iodine - thyroid malfunction

****type 1 diabetes is caused when insulin producing cells in the _ are destroyed

pancreas

is a hormone that causes white blood cells to mature

thymosine hormones in the thymus

hormones produced by the _ are responsible for milk production

pituitary gland: oxytocin (milk letdown), prolactin = milk production

****if your diaphragm is dome shaped are you inhaling or exhaling?

exhalation

****which hormone acts in direct opposition to parathyroid hormone?

calcitonin

if you were sweating a lot, very nervous, and losing abnormal amounts of weight, what gland might be malfunctioning?

thyroid--you have hyperthyroidism

****if you give someone a good hug, what will that do to hormone levels?

increase oxytocin

****if your muscle cells are starved for energy then you need to make more of what hormone?

epinephrine/norepinephrine

excess water is in the collecting duct, what process will remove it from the body?

excretion

****what is in the glomerulus?

blood

****you breathe out while sitting here answering these questions, what muscles contract?

none

you breathe out while sitting here, is air pressure higher in your lungs or outside the body?

in lungs

air in your alveoli is high in carbon dioxide, where is that air going next?

to your bronchioles to be exhaled

where in the body is the nephron found? and what exactly does it do?

kidney; water and solutes are filtered from blood

if your blood calcium levels are too high, what gland is malfunctioning?

thyroid (calcitonin)

what divides the nasal cavity into 2

nasal septum

what is the nasal conchae?

3 bones in the nasal cavity covered with mucus which warms, moistens, and filters the air

what is the olfactory epithelium?

chemosensory, sends information about airborne chemicals to the brain (smell)

when air leaves the nasal cavity, what structures does it hit?

pharynx, glottis, and larynx

what is the larynx?

upper-most part of the trachea, contains vocal cords

what are the vocal cords?

folds of tissue that vibrate as air passes over them

what does the trachea branch into?

2 airways--bronchi which lead to the lungs

what are the lungs?

elastic organs of gas exchange

what are bronchioles?

smaller tubes

what do bronchioles terminate into?

alveolar sacs (alveoli)

what is the diaphragm?

muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

what shape is the diaphragm when it is contracted or relaxed?

relaxed: dome-shaped

contracted: flattened

during what processes is the diaphragm contracted and relaxed?

contracted: inhalation

relaxed: exhalation