Radiographic Positioning Exam 1

terminology, positioning, & imaging principles

what is an atom?

Basic unit of matter

what is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together

what is a cell?

smallest unit of life

what is tissue?

group of similar cells that perform a particular function

what is an organ?

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

what is an organ system?

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

what is the role of the circulatory/cardiovascular system?

distributes oxygen to cells

what is the role of the lymphatic system?

transports waste products from cells

what is the role of the digestive system?

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

what is the level of human structural organization?

1. atom

2. molecule

3. cell

4. tissue

5. organ

6. organ system

7. organism

what is the alimentary canal?

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

what is the role of the urinary system?

regulates chemical composition of blood and eliminates waste products

The suprarenal glands are a part of what system?

endocrine system - sit on top of the kidneys

what is the role of the reproductive system?

reproduces organisms

what is the role of the nervous system?

regulates body activities

what does the nervous system regulates?

respiratory rate, heartbeat, body temperature, digestion, etc

what is the role of the Muscular System?

allows for movement

what does the Musculoskeletal System consist of?

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

what is the difference between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary; skeletal muscle is voluntary

what is the role of the endocrine system?

ductless glands of the body that regulate the body via hormones; thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, etc

what is the role of the skeletal system?

gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and brain, 206 bones in the adult body

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

central axis of the body; includes skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, (80 bones)

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

includes limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle, (126 bones)

what are long bones?

bone that is longer than it is wide

what are the types of long bones?

1. limbs

2. compact bone

3. spongy bone

4. periosteum

what are short bones?

cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle (ex. metacarpals and metatarsals)

what are flat bones?

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs (ex. calvarium, sternum, ribs, scapulae)

what are irregular bones?

bones with a complex or unique shape (ex. vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones)

what is Ossification?

process of bone formation, primary, secondary and epiphyseal

what is primary ossification?

before birth and occurs on the body/shaft of long bones

what is secondary ossification?

occurs after birth in the metaphysis and epiphyseal plates (end of long bones)

what is Epiphyseal ossification?

when the growth plate closes, and the bone completely ossifies, does not occur until around age 12-14

what is Osteology?

Study of bones

what is Arthrology?

study of joints

what are the structural classification of joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

what are the functional classification of joints?

synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial

what are the Fibrous joints?

connected by dense connective tissue, little/no movement

what are the types of fibrous joint?

1. syndesmosis

2. sutures

3. gomphosis

what are Syndesmosis?

slightly movable fibrous joint

ex. distal tibiofibular joint

what are Sutures?

immovable fibrous joint

ex. skull sutures

what are Gomphosis?

limited movement fibrous joint

ex. tooth root

what are Cartilaginous joints?

bones connected by cartilage

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

1. synchondroses (epiphyseal plates in growing bones)

2. symphyses (intervertebral discs)

What are Symphyses?

slightly movable Cartilaginous Joint

ex. symphysis pubis

what are synchondrosis?

Immovable Cartilaginous Joint

ex. epiphyseal plate

what are Synovial joints?

contains a joint cavity, freely movable

what does the movement of a Hinge (ginglymus) joint refer to?

a Synovial joint type permitting primarily flexion and extension

ex: elbow joint

what does the movement of a Pivot (trochoid) refer to?

Synovial joint type permitting rotation around a single longitudinal axis

ex: proximal radioulnar joint

what does the movement of a plane (gliding) joint refer to?

Synovial joint with relatively flat surfaces that primarily permits gliding movements

ex: intercarpal joints

what does the movement condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint refer to?

Synovial joint permitting flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction with little to no true axial rotation

Ex: wrist

what does the movement of a Sellar (saddle) joint refer to?

Synovial joint shaped like a saddle allowing movement in two planes

Ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint

what does the movement of a Spheroidal (ball and socket) joint refer to?

Synovial joint permitting movement in multiple planes and rotation

ex: shoulder and hip

what is the movement of a Bicondylar joint refer to?

Synovial joint with two distinct condyles/articulating surfaces between a hinge and condyloid joint

Ex: knee

what are synarthrodial joints?

essentially immovable

what are amphiarthrodial joints?

slightly movable

what are diarthrodial joints?

freely movable

what is radiography?

art and science of using radiation to provide images of the body

what is a radiograph?

an x-ray image

what is an x-ray film?

x-ray film is developed on a film screen, a physical copy

what is a radiographic image?

a digital image that appears on a computer screen

what is a radiographic procedure?

a series of x-rays that make up a specific body part

what is anatomic position?

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

what is the posterior?

towards the back

what is anterior?

towards the front

what is a Midsagittal plane?

Vertical body plane dividing body into equal right and left halves

what is a Sagittal plane?

Vertical plane dividing body into right and left portions (not necessarily equal)

what is a Coronal plane?

Body plane dividing body into anterior and posterior portions

what is a Midcoronal plane?

Plane passing through midline dividing the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

what is a Horizontal / Axial / Transverse plane?

Body plane dividing body into superior and inferior portions

what is a Oblique plane?

Plane passing through the body at an angle rather than parallel or perpendicular to the standard anatomical position.

what is the oblique position?

what is the oblique position

what is a axial section / cross section?

divides a portion of the body into two parts going across the part

what is the Base plane of skull?

the lowest part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and separates the brain from the face and neck

what is the occlusal plane of skull?

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

what is the difference between dorsal and palmar?

1. dorsal is the top of the hand

2. palmar is the palm of the hand

what is the difference between dorsal and plantar

1. dorsal is the top of the foot

2. plantar is the bottom of the foot

what is medial?

toward midline

what is lateral?

away from midline

what is proximal?

the closest to the point of attachment

what is distal?

the furthest from the point of attachment

what is an Anatomical position?

Standard reference posture used to describe the human body; all other positions are deviations of this.

what position does cephalic/cephalad refer to?

toward the head

what position does caudal/caudad refer to?

toward the feet

what is a Projection?

Describes the direction of the central ray based on the side where it enters and exits the body

what is a anteroposterior projection (AP)?

The central ray enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior

what is a Posteroanterior Projection (PA)?

The central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface

what is a Mediolateral Projection?

The central ray enters the medial side and exits the lateral side

what is a Lateromedial Projection?

the central ray enters the lateral side and exits the medial side

what is an Oblique Projection?

the central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle following an oblique plane

what is a decubitus position?

patient is recumbent, and the central ray is horizontal; the lead marker marks the elevated side of the body.

How would you set up a left lateral decubitus position?

the patient will be lying on their left side with the bucky behind them; the CR will be horizontal with the patient; the lead marker will mark the R side as that is the elevated side.

what is a Tangential projection?

skims surface; touches a curve or surface at only one point

what is a prone position?

lying face down with anterior surface against the table

what is a supine position?

lying face up with posterior surface against the table

what is an erect position?

upright, either standing or sitting

what is a semi-erect position?

partially upright (45-60 degree angle)