PSYCH EXAM 1 - 210

Tripartite Model (ABC):

Attitudes consist of Affect (feelings), Behavior (actions), and Cognition (beliefs).

Cognitive Dissonance:

Discomfort when actions and attitudes conflict

• leads people to change their attitude to match behavior.

Theory of Planned Behavior:

Intention predicts deliberate behavior (shaped by attitude + social norms + control).

Prejudice vs. Stereotype vs. Discrimination:

• Stereotype: Cognitive belief ("Group X is lazy").

• Prejudice: Affective evaluation ("I dislike Group X").

• Discrimination: Behavioral action (refusing to hire Group X).

Explicit vs. Implicit

• Explicit = conscious (surveys).

• Implicit = subconscious (IAT test).

Cialdini’s 6 Persuasion Principles: Reciprocity

Reciprocity (paying back favors)

• powers Door-in-the-Face

• big ask denied > small ask accepted

Cialdini’s 6 Persuasion Principles: Consistency

Consistency (staying true to word)

• powers Foot-in-the-Door

• small ask accepted > big ask accepted

Social Proof - 6 principles

following the crowd

Liking

saying yes to people we like, or people we view as high status/importance

Authority

trusting experts

Scarcity (end of 6 principles)

"limited time only!"

Reducing Prejudice: contact hypothesis + recategorization

• Contact Hypothesis: Intergroup contact works best with equal status, common goals, cooperation, and institutional support.

• Recategorization: Shifting mindsets from "Us vs. Them" to "We" (superordinate identity).

Self-Concept vs. Self-Esteem:

• Self-Concept = who you think you are (knowledge).

• Self-Esteem = how you evaluate yourself (value/worth).

Self-Complexity:

Having multiple identity roles (student, athlete, musician).

• High complexity buffers against stress/failure in one area.

Attraction & Relationships: Similarity-Attraction Paradigm and Mere Exposure Effect:

• Similarity-Attraction Paradigm: We like people who are similar to us.

• Mere Exposure Effect: Simply seeing someone/something repeatedly increases how much we like them.

Study 3 (Self-Affirmation and Self-efficacy)

• Self-Affirmation: Affirming core values reduces defensiveness against scary health warnings.

• Self-efficacy (belief in your ability to act) mediated the increase in healthy eating.

Study 4 (Gratitude):

Expressing gratitude increases Communal Strength (felt responsibility for a partner's welfare).

3 Conditions for Causality (MUST KNOW FOR RESEARCH METHODS):

1. Covariation: Variables must be statistically related.

2. Temporal Precedence: The cause happens before the effect.

3. No Spurious (3rd) Variables: Must rule out alternative 3rd-variable explanations.