Biochemistry 3: Amino Acids

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Biochemistry

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37 Terms

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4 Roles of Proteins

  1. Catalysis

    • Enolase

    • DNA polymerase

  2. Transport

    • Hemoglobin

    • Lactose Permease

  3. Structure

    • Collagen

    • Keratin

  4. Motion

    • Myosin & Actin

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Amino Acid Properties

  • Capacity to polymerize

  • Useful acid/base properties

  • Varied physical properties

  • Varied chemical properties

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Most Common Amino Acids

alpha-amino acids

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List of 20 Alpha Amino Acids

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9 Alpha Amino Acids with Nonpolar Side Chains

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6 Alpha Amino Acids with Polar Side Chains

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Alpha Amino Acids with Electrically Charged Side Chains

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Structure of Amino Acids

  • Amino group connected to alpha carbon

  • Hydrogen connected to alpha carbon

  • Carboxyl group connected to alpha carbon

  • R group connected to alpha carbonw

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Molecular Conformation

  • Differences in spatial arrangement of groups joined by covalent bonds due to bond rotation

<ul><li><p>Differences in spatial arrangement of groups joined by covalent bonds due to bond rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Isomers

  • Same molecular formula but different arrangement of groups

  • Can only be converted by breaking bonds

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Stereoisomers

  • Isomers whose atoms differ in spatial arrangement

  • cis/trans or enatiomers

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Stereoisomerism in alpha amino acids

  • Amino acids come in L and D forms

  • L (levo rotary) form is naturally occurring

  • D (dextro rotary) form is laboratory produced

<ul><li><p>Amino acids come in L and D forms</p></li><li><p>L (levo rotary) form is naturally occurring</p></li><li><p>D (dextro rotary) form is laboratory produced</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Aromatic Alpha Amino Acids

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Function of Disulfide Bonds in Protein Structures

Reversible and help stabilize protein structure

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Glycine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Alanine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Valine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leucine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Isoleucine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Methionine

  • Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phenylalanine

  • Aromatic

<ul><li><p>Aromatic</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Tryptophan

  • Aromatic

<ul><li><p>Aromatic</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Proline

  • Nonpolar side chain

<ul><li><p>Nonpolar side chain</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Serine

  • Polar, uncharged R group

  • Can form H bonds

<ul><li><p>Polar, uncharged R group</p></li><li><p>Can form H bonds</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Threonine

  • Polar, uncharged R group

  • Can form H bond

<ul><li><p>Polar, uncharged R group</p></li><li><p>Can form H bond</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cysteine

  • Polar, uncharged R group

  • Can form H bond

<ul><li><p>Polar, uncharged R group</p></li><li><p>Can form H bond</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Tyrosine

  • Polar

  • Aromatic

<ul><li><p>Polar</p></li><li><p>Aromatic</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Asparagine

  • Polar, uncharged R group

  • Can form H bonds

  • Amide side chain

<ul><li><p>Polar, uncharged R group</p></li><li><p>Can form H bonds</p></li><li><p>Amide side chain</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Glutamine

  • Polar, uncharged R group

  • Can form H bonds

  • Amide side chain

<ul><li><p>Polar, uncharged R group</p></li><li><p>Can form H bonds</p></li><li><p>Amide side chain</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Aspartate

  • Positively charged R group

<ul><li><p>Positively charged R group</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Glutamate

  • Positively charged R group

<ul><li><p>Positively charged R group</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lysine

  • Positively charged R group

<ul><li><p>Positively charged R group</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Arginine

  • Positively charged R group

<ul><li><p>Positively charged R group</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Histidine

  • Positively charged R group

<ul><li><p>Positively charged R group</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Zwitterion

  • Single molecule has both a positive and negative charge

  • Exists between the pKa values of the amino and carboxyl groups

<ul><li><p>Single molecule has both a positive and negative charge</p></li><li><p>Exists between the pKa values of the amino and carboxyl groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Isoelectric Point for Amino Acids with Ionizable Side Chains

  • pI = (pK1 + pK2)/2

  • Net charge is 0

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pKa of the Alpha Carboxyl Group & Amino Group

  • Carboxyl: 2.34

  • Amino: 9.6