Biology Test 2 Vocab

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52 Terms

1

Character

Detectable inheritable feature e.g. flower colour

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2

Trait

Character determined by an allele e.g. purple or white flower

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3

Dominant trait

Trait that only requires one copy the gene to express itself (capital letters) e.g. brown eyes

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4

Recessive trait

Trait that requires both copies of the gene to express itself (lower case letters) e.g. blue eyes

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5

True breeding

Fertilization that produces offsprings with the same traits

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6

Allele

Alternate form of a gene. Responsible for variations in the inherited characters

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7

Locus

Location of a gene

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8

Phenotype

Physical expression of a gene

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9

Genotype

Organism's genetic makeup

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10

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles of a gene (BB or bb)

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11

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a gene

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12

Punnett square

Table showing all possible combinations of alleles.

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13

Test crossing

Test done to determine if an organism expressing the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

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14

Monohybrid cross

Cross of heterozygous F1s with their parents differering in only one gene

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15

Dihybrid cross

Cross of heterozygous F1s with their parents differing in two genes

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16

Incomplete dominance

Heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype e.g. red pink white flower

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17

Codominance

Heterozygotes express both alleles e.g. AB blood type

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18

Multiple alleles

More than two possible alleles for a gene e.g. Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i blood genotypes

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19

Pleiotropy

A single gene has multiple phenotypic effects e.g. sickle cell anemia

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20

Epistasis

Gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus e.g. black brown blond dog

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21

Polygenic inheritance

Two or more genes leads to a single phenotypic character e.g. skin color

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22

Autosomal recessive disorder

Phenotype that is expressed by two recessive alleles found on an autosome

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23

Autosomal dominant disorder

Phenotype that is expressed by only one disease allele on an autosome

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24

X-linked trait

Phenotype that is expressed by recessive alleles in the X chromosome

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25

Lyon hypothesis

X-Inactivation occurs randomly in embryonic cells

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26

Pedigree

Diagram showing the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

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27

Fimbriae

Appendage to attach to host and gain entrance

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28

Sex pili

Structure for bacterial conjugation

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29

Photoautotroph

Organism that uses light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

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30

Chemoautotroph

Organism that produces energy by oxidation of inorganic compounds

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31

Chemoheterotroph

Organism that consumes organic molecules for energy and ATP

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32

Saprophytic

Organism that absorb nutrients from dead organisms

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33

Symbiosis

Interaction between smaller symbiont and larger host

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34

Obligate aerobe

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow

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35

Facultative anaerobe

Bacteria that grows with or without oxygen (is capable of fermentation)

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36

Obligate anaerobe

Organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

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37

Colonial

Collection of unicellular organisms living together

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38

Charophyte

Group of green algae most closely related to land plants

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39

Volvox

Colonial chlorophyta algae exhibiting division of labour between cells

<p>Colonial chlorophyta algae exhibiting division of labour between cells</p>
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40

Chlamydomonas

Unicellular chlorophyta algae with two flagella

<p>Unicellular chlorophyta algae with two flagella</p>
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41

Phragmoplast

A group of microtubules

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42

Rhizoid

Primitive roots of the moss

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43

Stomata

Pores for gas exchange

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44

Waxy cuticle

Very waxy (lipid) material which prevents leaves from drying out in the sun

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45

Desiccation

Drying out of a living organism

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46

Vascular system

Composed of the xylem and the phloem

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47

Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals up using passive transport

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48

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances up and down using active transport

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49

Lignin

Complexe polysaccharide which enables plants to have support and grow tall

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50

H2O fertilization

The sperm needs water to meet the female gamete

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51

Pollen

Male sperm in plants

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52

Seed

Fertilized egg (zygote) in a protective coat which provides nutrition and protection

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