Greek/Hellenistic period

Doric Columns

no bases, and very simple

Ionic columns

have bases and have the spiral decoration at the top(volutes)

Corinthian columns

have bases, very elaborate detail on the column and on the volutes.

Vases

Decorative and functional pottery used in ancient Greece, often depicting scenes from mythology or daily life. There were two types of vases: black-figure and red-figure, distinguished by their painting techniques.

Greek sculpture

More life like in the classical period, but not more realistic. Usually displayed Greek ideal of arete, portraying them as perfect

Greek women

They had limited rights in society, the perfect Greek women was absent from public events, and had to be concentrated on raising children and being a good wife. Respectable Greek women did not go into public, unless they were going to visit a relative, going to a supervised religious ceremony, or retrieving water.

sympoism

Large male only gatherings where you would drink tons of wine, the only women allowed were entertainers.

Artemis

Aromantic goddess of the moon and hunt, very atypical for a female in Greece

Athena

Aromantic goddess of wisdom and war, very atypical for a female in Greece

Hera

Goddesss of marriage, represented the ideal Greek woman

Herodotus

Considered the father of history. He recorded stories from his travels, and wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. He recorded anything he heard in his travels, this often led to strange fantastical tales about the places he visitied.

Thucydides

Athenian general who recorded the Peloponesian war, did not record implausible myths, died before he finished his story.

Xenophon

Picked up where Thucydides left off. His account of how he lead 10,000 Greek mercenaries into Persia to try and defeat the king influenced later similar attempts.

Greeek Theatre

Now known as drama. Made the setting a large semi-circular structure with tiered seating. Came in two varieties, tragedy and comedy. Tragedy was more reputable and popular. Drama’s were played by men wearing masks.

Aristophanes

Comedies were used for social commentary. Aristophanes made comedies poking fun at politicians, the Peloponesian war, and gender roles. For example in the comedy Lysistra women go on sex strike because the men are always at war.

Aiskyhlos

Worte the play Persians, about Persia’s reaction to Xerxes misadventures In Greece. He added a second actor on stage. Made Orestaia trilogy.

Sophokles

Made tragedies about the legend of Thebes. This included Antigone about a girl who buried her dead brother even though he was an enemy of the state.Edipus mom lover.

Euripides

Populart even though he never won awards. Limited role of gods, and created characters who were corrupt and unlikable.

Philosophy

Means love of wisdom. Originally based on science, using rational instead of mythological ways to explain how the world works. Then philosophy started focusing on ethics and more abstract subjects. Philosophers became known as Sophists. Wealthy families often sent their sons to these sophists for education.

Sokrates

Questioned what he considered silly traditions and conventions. Put students on the spot, forcing the to re-examine their judgment. Was condemned and forced to poision himself with hemlock.

Plato

Studied under Sokrates. Focosued on ideas of goodness and ethics. Believed in future rewards in life which led to later ideas in Christianity.Advocated for a republic, which had a king and educated elites. Also created the academy.

Aristotle

Student of Plato. Focused on purpose of things. Compiled lists and categories of things to compare, classify, and better understand the info. Believed the political power belonged to rich and educated. Made Lyceum, and taught Alexander the Great. Most revered Greek Philosopher.

Cynics

Challanged and abandoned traditional assumptioms like loyalty and obedience to the polis. Lived in austerity(plain and simple living.)

Diogenes

made Cynics

Epikouros

Believed life is brutal nasty and short, so you should live life to the fullest.

Stoics

Believed you had to be moderate in everything. Zeno

Hellenistic

means Greek life or Greek influenced

Macedonia

Were Greek, but were very different. They had a king, considered a weak state, used to be a vassal for Persia.

Phillip II

When he took over Macedonia it was in dissaray. Spent time in Thebes. Made hoplites wear heavier armor, and use sarisas(long spears), and used calvary. Conquered all of Greece. Murdered before he can attack Persia.

Isokrates

Believed Phillip would untie the Greeks against Persia.

Demosthenes

Believes Phillip would destroy the indepedence of Greek city-states. Wins the debate.

Battle of Chaeronea

Demosthenes leads Athens and Thebes against Phillip, Phillip wins.

Alexander the Great

Phillip’s son, only 20 when he becomes king. Creates the greatest empire ever at the time conquering all of Persia, Egypt, and some of India. Alcoholic.

Granikos battle

Alexander defeats the Persians at the river Granikos. Darius escapes.

Battle at Issos

Alexander defeats the Persians in Syria at Issos. He wins because of the Macedonian phalanx and calvary.

Alexander in Egypt

Egyptians welcomed him a a liberator from Persian rule, goes to oracle and tells him he is onb same level as Greek gods and heroes, also names cities in Egypt after himself.

Alexander after Egypt

Just go read lecture notes gng

How Alexander maintains control

Alexander and his troops marry natives, also he adopts Persian customs.

Alexanders death

His death is unknown, both of his sons die shortly after Alexanders death.

Diadokhi

Five of Alexanders generals divide up the kingdom for themselves and fight for 40 years.

Remaining kingdoms of Diadokhi

The Anigonids in Macedon, the Ptolemies in Egypt, and the Selucids in Syria and Eastern provinces

Hellenistic age

Triumph of Greek culture and social institutions, new more ostentatious monarchy, no more independent Greek city-states, hybrid Greek and Persian culture exemplified by Alexanders decendants.

Ptolemies

Decended from Alexanders general Ptolemy, Alexandria was their main city in Egypt, ruled for 300 years, had Greek and Hellenistic culture, adopted non Greek ideas such as royal incest, and kings considered gods.Presided over Greek world. Greek and Egyptian cultures merged with each other.

Ptolemy kings

Philadelphos means sibling lover and he married his sister, Euergetes means benefactor, Philophator means father lover, believed to have that name to cover up the fact he killed his father.

Ptolemy buildings

Alexandria lighthouse was huge, The Alexandria library was the center of Greek culture and learning.

Syncretism

The ability to recognize gods in other cultures, eg. Isis is recognized in 3 different cultures.

Selucids

Lived in Syria and to the east, founded by Alexanders general Seloukos, acted similar to the Ptolemies, native to Babylon but prefered Greek-inpired cities such as Antioch. Did divine status and royal incest. With the Selucids Hellenistic tradition reaches it’s peak. Made new cities mimicking past Greek city-states.

Hellenistic influence

Smaller areas not associated with Alexander asserted independence and claimed the Greek royal title of basileus, and issued Greek style coins. These places wanted to be viewed as Hellenistic because it was associated with power and sophistication

Pergamon

Strong example of Hellenistic influence. It was a prosperous kingdom. was built like a perfect Greek city,

Altar of Zeus

Most imposing surviving Pergamon monument, uses Greek inspired sculptures and Ionic columns.

King Attalos.

First king of Pergamon, forms the Attalid dynasty.