AP US History Period 1-5

Great Plain Tribes

Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche. Way of life was nomadic and centered on the Bison

Eastern Woodland Tribes

Tribe that occupied the whole East Coast of North America. Known for their longhouse communities

Southwest Tribes

Navajo, Pueblo and Apache adopted a settled life in Cliffdwellings, Adobes, and other structures. Developed a structure of irrigation

Northwest Tribes

Tlingit, Chinook, Kwakiutl, etc. relied on whaling and salmon fishing as the primary source of food.

3 sister agriculture

corn, beans, squash

Mesoamericans

Natives civilizations, inhabitants of present-day Mexico and Central America grew beans, squash, and maize.

Columbian exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Triangular Trade

three way system → Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Smallpox

Wiped out natives Americans after European contact

Mercantilism

economic policy under nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Middle Passage

a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Alantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Great Awakening

religious movement that swept through the colonies in 1730s and 1740s

new england colonies

In northeastern America consisting of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Known for Puritan religious beliefs, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.

middle colonies

Region in British North America consisting of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Known for diverse agriculture, religious tolerance, and economic opportunities.

Flashcard: Southern Colonies

British colonies in North America were known for cash crop agriculture, slave labor, and a plantation economy. Relied on indentured servants until Bacons Rebellion. Notable colonies include Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly plus the rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness

Quakers and William Penn

known as the Religious Society of Friends who settles in Pennsylvania

Breadbasket Colonies

another name for the Middle Colonies because of their exporting and growing of grains

House of Burgesses 1619

first elected lawmaking body, established by the Virginia Company to allow the representative government in Virginia

Mayflower Compact

the first governing document of Plymouth Colony

Tobacco

Cash Crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at the Virgina Governor for trying to appease the Doeg Indians. Defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passgage to North America in exchange for working without pay for certain number of years

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. Came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pequot War/Mystic Massacre

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed

Kings Phillips War

battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by cheif known as King Philip. Started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians

Stono Rebellion

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans

The French and Indian War

War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years

The Proclamation of 1763

Line drawn by British Parliament colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian Mountains

Stamp Act

1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.

Common Sense

1776 pamphlet writtten by Thomas Paine to get people to want independence

The Declaration of Independence

1776-written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King

Treaty of Paris

Ended the American Revolutionary War. Granted the land British gave Natives as American land now American colonies recognized as their own independent country

Ben Franklin

A delegate from Peensylvania and proposed the “Albany Plan of the Union” as a way to strenghten the colonies

Sugar Act of 1764

raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies

Virtual representation

The political theory that a class of persons is represented in lawmaking body without direct vote

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the COnstitution A

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S - weakness - no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade

Shays Rebellion

Rebellion in which ex-revolutionary war soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Northwest Ordinance

established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Federalist Papers

85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the “Publius” to defend the Constitution in detail

Federalists

Supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Anti-federatlists

Those who favor a weaker national government

Great Compromise

addressed the representation issue between large and small states in the colonies. It established proportional representation in the House of Representatives based on population, while ensuring equal representation in the Senate with each state having two senators. Additionally, tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise effectively balanced the concerns of both large and small states, providing a fair resolution.

Whiskey Rebellion

occurred in the United States in the late 18th century. It was sparked by a tax imposed on distilled spirits by the federal government, particularly affecting whiskey producers in western Pennsylvania. Farmers and distillers protested against what they saw as unfair taxation and government overreach. The rebellion was eventually quelled by federal forces, demonstrating the young nation's ability to enforce its laws and maintain order.

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1798. One gave the government more power to deport immigrants deemed dangerous, while the other made it a crime to criticize the government, punishable by fines and imprisonment. These acts were controversial and seen as an infringement on free speech rights, leading to significant opposition and ultimately contributing to the downfall of the Federalist Party.

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republic Party

Antebellum Period

Period before the Civil War

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Mady by Jefferson this doubled the size of the US

The purchase of Louisiana territory constitution issue

Jefferson was unsure if the president had the power to purchase territory because it was written in the constitution

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson believed people should political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitiution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Jefferson’s Presidency

wanted to reduce the importance of national government and take down the Federalist system. He reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy. Abolished all taxes except the tariff, and paid off part of the national debt. Wanted a society of agrarian landowners

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers … isolationism

War of 1812

Fought between Britian and the US largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America’s willingness to defend its interests militarily earning the young nation new found respect from European powers. Leading to the Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe’s two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts

Warhawks

term given to members of the U.S congress who strongly supported American participation in the War of 1812

Marbury v Madison

Case establishes the Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review

Fletcher v Peck (1810)

Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitiutional

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

the supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce.

Market Revolution

Changes in transportation, communication, and the proudction of goods and services

American system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal transportation and infrastructure improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1829 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification an attempt by the state of Sourth Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the US Congress

Missouri Compromise

Over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states

Indian Removal Act

authorized Andrew Jackson to negotite land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act’s provisions paved the way for the reluctant and often forcible emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. Traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory.

Era of the Common Man

Jacksonians claimed, when they had victory in the election of 1828, that America had now entered a new and better era of democracy, one for the common man(landless men who recently got right to vote).

Peculiar Institution

A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word "slavery"

Fredrick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

McCulloch v Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Worcester v Georgia

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson

Dartmouth College v Woodward

1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.

Age of Reform

1830's - 1850's; where the American society begins to reform itself in some way; three schools of thought: 1.)Enlightenment Thought 2.)Religious Liberalism 3.) Second Great Awakening

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Kanas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed the evils of slavery and convinced many people that slavery had to end.

Bleeding Kanas

(1856) John Brown led a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Raid on Harper’s Ferry

John Brown's (abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia) plan to take over a gun warehouse (federal arsenal) give out weapons to slaves and lead a revolt; effect- the north viewed Brown as a hero, and the south viewed Brown as a terrorist and created state militias to guard against further raids, greatly preparing the South for the upcoming Civil War

Nat Turner Rebellion

Rebellion in which an enslaved man led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Nullification Crisis

States Rights over Federal Law!!!A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed this political party in order to keep slavery out of the territories would become Abraham Lincoln's presidential Party

Underground railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Appamattox Courthouse

Final event of the Civil War; lee surrendered to grant thereby ending the war

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties