Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and the Internet

Vocabulary flashcards covering core topics in Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and the Internet, including web architectures, protocols, programming languages, and web evolution.

Client-Side Programming

Web programming technologies used to build web pages and applications that run directly inside the user's web browser.

Server-Side Programming

Applications that run on a web server to respond to requests from client-side browsers, such as searching the web, checking bank balances, or ordering products.

Moore's Law

The observation that computer processor speeds, program memory capacities, and secondary storage capacities approximately double every year or two inexpensively.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

A markup language designed to specify the content and structure of web pages in a portable manner across various devices.

XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language)

A stricter version of HTML based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language).

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

A technology used to specify the presentation and styling of elements on a web page independently of their content and structure.

JavaScript

A portable client-side scripting language created by Netscape that enables the creation of dynamic web pages that respond to user actions and events.

ECMAScript

The official standard for JavaScript managed and maintained by ECMA International.

jQuery

A popular JavaScript library that simplifies DOM element manipulation, server interaction, and custom GUI control integration across different browsers.

ARPANET

The network developed in the late 1960s by ARPA connecting research institutions and universities, which eventually evolved into the modern Internet.

Bit

Short for binary digit; the smallest data item in a computer, which can hold a value of either 0 or 1.

Packet Switching

A networking technique where digital data is divided into small bundles called packets containing address, error-control, and sequencing information for transmission over shared paths.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

The protocol that ensures network messages are properly routed from sender to receiver and arrive intact.

IP (Internet Protocol)

The protocol developed by ARPA that creates a network of networks, assigning a unique IP address to each connected computer.

IPv6

An updated Internet Protocol featuring enhanced security and a new, hugely expanded addressing scheme to replace IPv4.

World Wide Web

A system created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee that allows users to locate and view multimedia documents using hyperlinked text over the Internet.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

The communication protocol designed by Tim Berners-Lee as the underlying backbone for fetching documents on the World Wide Web.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A unique web address that specifies the exact location of a web page or online resource in a browser.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

A standard protocol for transmitting encrypted web data that combines HTTP with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security).

Mosaic

An early graphical web browser developed in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at NCSA that popularized the World Wide Web.

Multitier Application Architecture

A web application design framework that divides system functions into separate logical tiers, typically client, middle, and data tiers.

Client Tier (Top Tier)

The user interface tier of a multitier web application that gathers user input and displays output using a browser or mobile device.

Middle Tier

The tier in a web application containing business, controller, and presentation logic, serving as an intermediary between client requests and database storage.

Data Tier (Bottom Tier)

The tier in a multitier architecture responsible for storing and managing information, usually using a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

Business Logic

Middle-tier rules that dictate how clients access data and how an application processes requests to ensure data reliability.

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)

An organization founded in October 1994 devoted to creating nonproprietary, interoperable standards to make the web universally accessible.

Recommendations

Web technologies and specifications standardized and published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Web 2.0

A term coined in 2003 by Dale Dougherty describing community-focused, interactive web applications based on user-generated content and collaboration.

Open Source Software

Software made available for anyone to use, examine, and modify with few or no restrictions.

Semantic Web

A web development approach where users tag content by subject or keyword so computers can process data meanings and return highly accurate search results.

Ajax

A Web 2.0 software technology that enables web-based applications to function smoothly like desktop applications by sending and receiving data asynchronously.