[PSM] Bacteriology Flash Review - Morphology

Cell Membrane

Site of ATP synthesis

Cell Surface Structures (Capsule, Slime Layer)

Polysaccharides or proteins that appear as slimy or sticky material secretions

Capsule

Cell Surface Structure: Forms a tight matrix

Slime Layer

Cell Surface Structure: Layers are more easily deformed

Capsule

Cell Surface Structure: Tight Attachment

Slime Layer

Cell Surface Structure: Loose Attachment

Glycosidic Bond

What kind of bond does lysozyme cleave?

Glycan tetrapeptides

Building blocks of peptidoglycan (general term)

N-Acetylglucosamine, N-Acetylmuramic acid

Building blocks of peptidoglycan (specific)

B(1,4) glycosidic bond

What bounds the glycan tetrapeptide subunits of peptidoglycan?

L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, Either L-lysine or Diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

What amino acids can the peptidoglycan contain?

15 or more layers
20-35 nm thickness
90% peptidoglycan

Describe gram positive cell wall in terms of:
- number of layers
- thickness
- peptidoglycan %

teichoic acid - until peptidoglycan
lipoteichoic acid - until cell membrane

What are the acidic molecules that may be embedded in gram positive cell walls?

Periplasmic space

Gap between the cell membrane and cell wall with a gel-like consistency due to high concentration of proteins

1

How many layers of peptidoglycan do gram negatives have?

gram negatives

Between gram positives and gram negatives, which group has a more distinct periplasmic space?

O-specific polysaccharide, Core Polysaccharide, Lipid A

Parts of LPS

Gastrointestinal

Nature of symptoms that is caused by endotoxins produced by Lipid A

TRUE

T/F: Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria can produce exotoxins, but only Gram negative can produce endotoxins

FALSE

T/F: Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria can produce endotoxins, but only Gram negative can produce exotoxins

Pink rods

In acid-fast staining, what color are the Mycobacterium cells?

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

What are the subunits of pseudomurein or pseudopeptidoglycan?

B(1,3) glycosidic bonds

Bonds that link the subunits of pseudomurein together

Penicillin

Aside from lysozyme, the B(1,3) glycosidic bonds of Archaea are also resistant to?

S-layer

Cell envelope layer that consists of a paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules or protein or glycoprotein

S-layer

Most common type of cell wall in Archaea, although also present in most Bacteria

Sterol

What strengthens the cell membranes of cell wall-less bacteria or archaea

Integral proteins if embedded, Peripheral proteins if attached

A phospholipid bilayer may contain what types of proteins on the basis of attachment?

Glycerophosphate + fatty acid tail connected by ester linkage

Phospholipid in bacteria is composed of what components?

Glycerophosphate + isoprenoid tail connected by ether linkage

Phospholipid in archaea is composed of what components?

Lipid monolayer

This type of cell membrane arrangement is only possible for Archaea

Flagella

Hollow appendages that function as tiny rotating machines that function to push or pull the cell through a liquid

Proton motive force

What powers flagella?

Lophotrichous

Flagellar arrangement composed of a tuft of flagella at one end

Amphitrichous

Flagellar arrangement composed of 2 flagella found at each end of the cell

Endoflagella

Resemble normal flagella but are found in the cell periplasm

Between the cell wall and cell membrane

Where is the periplasm?

Corkscrew-like motion for burrowing, Spirochetes

Describe the motion conferred by endoflagella. Where is it usually found?

Filament, Hook, Basal Body

3 parts of a Gram negative flagellum

Filament

Part of a flagellum that protrudes out of the cell wall and outer membrane

Flagellin

Building block of filament

Hook

Connects the filament to the flagellum motor at the base

Rotor, Stator

2 Parts of a Flagellum Motor

Rotor

Part of the flagellum motor that is characterized as a central rod surrounded by rings

L ring

Ring around Rotor: Anchored in outer membrane

P ring

Ring around Rotor: Anchored in peptidoglycan

MS Ring

Ring around Rotor: Anchored in cytoplasmic membrane

C ring

Ring around Rotor: Anchored in cytoplasm

Stator

Flagellum motor component that functions to generate the torque

Mot proteins

What proteins make up the stator portion of a bacterial filament?

Fli proteins

What proteins in the bacterial flagella can serve as a motor switch to reverse he direction of rotation of flagella?

ATP hydrolysis

What powers the rotation of the archaellum?

TRUE

T/F: Unlike the flagellum that is hollow, the archaellum is filled.

FALSE

T/F: Unlike the flagellum that is filled, the archaellum is hollow.

TRUE

T/F: All gram negatives have a pilus

FALSE

T/F: All archaea have a pilus

Type IV pili

type of pili for twitching motility and DNA binding

SM1 group

What group of Archaea have hamus / hami?

Hamus

Archaeal appendage that resembles a tiny grappling hook and serves for attachment to form a networked biofilm

5S rRNA + 23S rRNA + 34 proteins = 50S
16S rRNA + 21 proteins = 30S

What are the components of the 50 S and 30 S components of the 70S ribosome?

Nucleoid

A chromosome aggregates within a prokaryotic cell to form the ?

TRUE

T/F: For packaging, archaea have histones while bacteria have histone-like proteins

FALSE

T/F: For packaging, bacteria have histones while archaea have histone-like proteins

Small acid soluble spore proteins

What specific component of endospores make them resistant to radiation

Exosporium

endospore part: outer proteinaceous layer

Spore Coat

endospore part: layers of spore-specific proteins

Core Wall

endospore part: develops from the vegetative cell cell membrane

Cortex

endospore structure: composed of peptidoglycan

Terminal, Subterminal, Central

Types of endospores based on location?

sporulation, germination, cannibalistic

3 stages in the life cycle of an endospore forming bacteria

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB), Poly-B-hydroxylalkanoate (PHA), Glycogen

3 examples of carbon storage polymers

PHB, PHA

Carbon storage polymer that is made of lipids

Glycogen

Carbon storage polymer that is made of glucose

Polyphosphate granules

Cell inclusion that is formed when phosphate is in excess

Benstonite of Gloeomargarita

What is a specific example of carbonate minerals?

Gas vesicles

Conical-shaped structures composed of two different proteins that confer buoyancy

Magnetosomes

Cell inclusion composed of biomineralized particles of magnetite or greigite

Magnetite or greigite

What comprises magnetosomes?

gram positives

Between gram positives and gram negatives, which has a unique structure called the glycine interbridge?

gram negatives

Between gram positive and gram negatives, which have porins that are embedded in the outer membrane?

Sarcinae

Prokaryotic cell arrangement characterized by eight cells clumped together?