Heart and Fetal Circulation

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels, blood

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system

Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and hormones

Where is the heart starting and stopping in relation to the ribs

2nd rib to the 5th intercostal space

What are the four chambers of the heart

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

What side of the heart pumps for the pulmonary circuit

Right side

What side of the heart pumps for the systemic circuit

Left side

What does the right atrium do in the pulmonary circuit

Receives deoxygenated blood

What does the right ventricle do in the pulmonary circuit

Discharges deoxygenated blood

What does the left atrium do in the systemic circuit

Receives oxygenated blood

What does the left ventricle do in the systemic circuit

Discharges oxygenated blood

Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from

Inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, superior vena cava

Where does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from

Four pulmonary veins, 2 right and 2 left

What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

What are the great vessels of the heart

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk & arteries, aorta

What is the superior vena cava formed by

The joining of the right and left brachiocephalic veins

What is the function of the superior vena cava

Returns blood to the thoracic wall, upper limb, head and neck

What forms the inferior vena cava

Formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins

What is the function of the inferior vena cava

Returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb

Where does the pulmonary trunk leave and bifurcates into what

The right ventricle and bifurcates into the left and right arteries

What do the pulmonary veins do

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

What does the aorta do

Leaves the left ventricle to send oxygenated blood to systemic circulation

What do atrioventricular valves do

Prevent backflow into the atria

What are the two atrioventricular valves

Tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves

Where is the tricuspid valve located

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve located

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

What do semilunar valves do

Prevent backflow into ventricles

What are the two semilunar valves

Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located

Between left ventricle and aorta

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Describe the two heart sounds

AV valves close (first sound), ventricles contract (systole), SL valve close (second sound), AV valve opens, ventricles relax (diastole)

What is the order of blood flow starting at the right atrium and ending at the aorta

Right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary SL valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid, left ventricle, aortic SL valve, aorta

What is the arterial coronary circulation flow

Base of aorta → left/right coronary arteries → anterior interventricular artery/circumflex artery (left) → posterior interventricular artery/right marginal artery (right)

Where is the maximum/minimum blood flow in the coronary artery flow

Maximum blood flow through the myocardium during diastole, minimum when contracting (systole)

Compression of the coronary artery occurs because of what muscle

Myocardium

What blocks the coronary circulation temporarily

Cusps of the aortic semilunar valves

What is the flow of venous coronary circulation

Small/middle/great cardiac vein → coronary sinus → right atrium

what is the coronary circulation (arterial & venous) flow from base of aorta to right atrium

Base of aorta → right coronary arteries → posterior interventricular artery → middle cardiac vein; right marginal artery → small cardiac vein → coronary sinus → right atrium

Base of aorta → left coronary artery → circumflex artery; anterior interventricular artery → greater cardiac vein → coronary sinus → right atrium

What are the intrinsic conduction system structures

Sinoatrial SA node (pacemaker), Atrioventricular AV node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, purkinje fibers

What does the parasympathetic heart rate do

Decelerates the heart rate

What does the sympathetic heart rate do

Accelerates the heart rate

What are some differences between fetal and adult circulation

Fetus has non functioning lungs, cannot provide its own nutrients, cannot remove its own waste, uses mother’s circulation to compensate

What is the placenta and what does it do

Develops alongside the fetus in the uterus, allows for delivery of nutrients and removal of waste, communicates via umbilical vessels

What is the umbilical cord, what flows through it, and what does it do

Connection between mother and fetus, umbilical vein (1) and umbilical arteries (2), brings nutrient and O2 rich blood in, arteries carry deoxygenated blood out

Where and what is the umbilical vein in the adult body

Closure forms round ligament of liver, found within the inferior edge of the falciform ligament

What does the ductus venosus do in the fetus and become in the adult

Shunts blood from umbilical vein to the liver via IVC, blood nourishes liver, closure forms ligamentum venosum

What does the foramen ovale do in the fetus and become in the adult

Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium bypassing lungs, blood nourishes lungs, closure forms fossa ovalis

What does ductus arteriosus do in the fetus and become in the adult

Shunts blood in the left pulmonary artery to the aorta, closure forms the ligamentum arteriosum