psychology-1001

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Suggests that vocabulary available for objects affects the thoughts a person has about those objects.

Cognitive control

The ability to direct thoughts and actions in accordance with our intentions.

Dysexecutive syndrome

Condition when the brain cannot control and direct mental thoughts.

Mental set

The tendency to approach a problem with thinking strategies that worked before.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to look for information that confirms our ideas.

Heuristics

Simple, short cut thinking strategies used to solve problems.

Representativeness heuristic

Tendency to ignore strong statistical information that contradicts our decisions.

Availability heuristic

Making decisions based on the information readily available in our memory.

Framing

Presenting equivalent logical information in different ways that can affect emotions.

Metacognition

The study of thinking about our own thoughts.

Theory of mind

The understanding that others' thoughts may differ from one's own.

's' factor

Refers to the specific area of functioning in intelligence according to Spearman.

'g' factor

Refers to the general intelligence factor suggesting a correlation between different areas of intelligence.

Gardiner's theory of multiple intelligence

Proposes that there are independent types of intelligence arising from different brain regions.

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Divides intelligence into three components: analytical, creative, and practical.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score derived from standardized tests designed to measure intelligence.

Reliability in testing

The consistency of a test in producing similar results over time.

Validity in testing

The accuracy of a test in measuring what it intends to measure.

Drive-reduction theory

The theory that motivation arises from physiological needs creating a drive.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory stating that humans have multiple needs that vary in priority.

Altruism

Self-sacrificing behavior for the benefit of others.

Bystander effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present.

Cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that discomfort from conflicting thoughts can lead to changes in beliefs or attitudes.

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Social norms

Rules about how members of a society are expected to behave.

Cannon-Bard theory

The theory suggesting that emotion and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

James Lange theory

The theory stating that physiological responses precede and determine our emotional experiences.

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

The theory which posits that emotions are based on physiological arousal followed by cognitive labeling.

Positive psychology

The study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

Stress

A state that arises from threats to well-being and can impact a person's mental state.

Acute stressor

A short-term stressor with a defined end point.

Chronic stressor

A long-term stressor without a defined end.

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome

A model describing the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Personality disorder

An inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that can cause significant distress or difficulty.

Triangular theory of love

Proposes that love is composed of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Trait

Tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across different situations.

Big Five personality traits

A model proposing five main traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Reciprocal determinism

The theory that behavior, environment, and personal factors influence each other.

Projective tests

Personality tests that use ambiguous stimuli to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.