PSYCH 105 Chapter 16

best when used with written response, answer with terms

criteria for abnormality

distressing, dysfunctional, deviant

distressing

condition must cause pain/distress to the person or people around them; someone is hurt or bothered

dyfunctional

condition must interfere with ability to function in everyday life

deviant

condition must be rare

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)

official book with all major mental disorders. created by American Psychiatric Association

ICD-11 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Edition)

international classification of all diseases (incl. mental disorders)

trephining

ancient surgical procedure where people chisel holes into the skull to treat mental disorders and “let the evil spirits out”

hippocrates

ancient greek philosopher; said to treat behavioral disorders as medical illnesses no differently than physical illnesses. said to treat these people with compassion.

vulnerability stress model

pre-existing vulnerabilities + stressor = psychological disorder

validity

does the definition capture the core features of the disorder?

reliability

consistent diagnoses with a clear definition

categorical approach

“on/off”, you either have the disorder or you don’t

dimensional approach

“on a spectrum”, types of disordered thinking/behavior are on a spectrum. ranges from high to low

david rosenhan study

(60s-70s) Rosenhan and colleagues checked into hospitals claiming they heard voices. Acted and were completely sane. were held in hospital for long time, given diagnosis “schizophrenia in remission”. not treated well, and anything they did was interepreted as “crazy”

competency

legal term, mental state during trial (not during crime). competent = can stand trial

insanity

legal term, mental state when crime is committed. if you committed a crime while insane = “not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder”

incidence

number of new cases

prevalence

total number of people with a disorder (incl. those already diagnosed)

anxiety disorders - phobias

phobia, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias

phobia

a strong and irrational fear of something

agoraphobia

fear of open/public spaces (they stay inside) - extreme introversion

social anxiety disorder

fear of social evaluation

specific phobias

fear of specific animals, airplanes, injections, etc

PTSD

post traumatic stress disorder

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

long term anxiety cond. not caused by something specific

panic disorder

having random sudden anxiety attacks; susceptible to panic attacks

obsessive compulsive disorder

disorder w/ combination of obsessions and compulsions

obsessions

persistent, repetitive, unwanted thoughts that interfere w/ your ability to function

compulsions

repetitive behaviors done to reduce obsessions

GABA

neurotransmitter that slows/calms the brain

neurotic anxiety

psychodynamic explanation for anxiety disorders: consists of unacceptable impulses overwhelming the ego’s defenses. sometimes redirected to an external object (phobia)

catastrophizing

irrational thinking (worst case scenario)

classical conditioning

involuntary responses are associated with a stimulus. eg. pavlov’s dog

operant conditioning

specific consequences/rewards are associated with a voluntary behavior. eg. b.f. skinner’s box

culture-bound disorders

some anxiety disorders only exist in some cultures

mood disorders

mental illness that affects emotional state

comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of 2+ medical cond. in one person

major depression

brief but intense period of low mood, loss of motivation

chronic depression

longer lasting but less intense depression

bipolar disorder

alternating between mania and depression (manic periods are shorter)

bipolar I

manic episodes, possible depressive episodes

bipolar II

hypomanic episodes, depressive episodes

mania

period of over-active/high energy; consists of fast thinking/talking, little to no sleep, etc

hypomania

less extreme and shorter duration version of mania

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

avoidance, orients you to withdraw (response to threat)

behavioral activation system (BAS)

orients you to do something (reward seeking behavior)

serotonin

neurotransmitter that regulates mood; “feel good chemical”

analytical rumination

evolutionary explanation of depression; depression is a reaction we have to significant change or inc. complexity

aaron beck

cognitive therapist, father of cognitive therapy: depressive cognitive triad

depressive cognitive triad

(the world, oneself, the future) eg. the world sucks, i suck, my future will suck

depressive attributional pattern/style

when something goes bad, it is your fault. when something goes well, it is a fluke or due to something else (opposite of self serving att.)

learned helplessness

with exposure to traumatic event, with no way of fixing it, just “deal with the pain”

somatic symptom disorders

somatic = bodily; when a psychological cond. gets expressed as a phys. symptom

illness anxiety disorder

hypochondriasis; a condition in which a person is excessively worried about having a serious or life-threatening illness despite few or no symptoms.

pain disorder

chronic pain experienced by a patient in one or more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress

functional neurological symptom disorder

conversion disorder; a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body

dissociative disorders

dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, trauma-dissociation theory

dissociative amnesia

response to a stressful event by forgetting parts of it

dissociative fugue

rare and controversial disorder. person will forget identity and move to a new area and develop a new identity, claiming to remember nothing from before

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

has multiple distinct personalities/identities (controversial)

trauma-dissociation theory

trauma leads to people making multiple personalities as a coping mech.

iatrogenic

illness caused by medical treatment.

psychosis

severe mental condition in which thought and emotions are so affected that contact is lost with external reality.

schizophrenia

“split mind” or “split from reality” ; mental health condition that affects how people think, feel and behave. mix of hallucinations, delusions, etc.

positive symptoms

new func./behav. added delusions, hallucinations

delusion of peresecution

believing someone is out to get you

delusion of grandeur

believing you’re amazing (god, queen, etc)

hallucinations

perceiving things that are not real (visual, auditory, tactile, etc)

word salad

a bunch of words that don’t make sense! incoherent

inappropriate affect

emotions shown are inappropriate for the situation eg. laughing at a funeral

negative symptoms

something is taken away; eg. catatonia, flat affect

catatonia

wavy flexibility; being still and motionless (may phase in and out)

flat affect

little to no emotional experience

type I schizophrenia

more positive symptoms-the person is normal and then they have a sudden psychotic break (18-20 y/o)

type II schizophrenia

more negative symptoms-person already showing signs of poor adjustment

genetic predisposition

increased chance that a person will develop a disease based on their genes

twin studies (schizophrenia)

schizophrenia very heritable. ~1% normally, 50%~ with gene

brain atrophy

sympt. of schizophrenia - loss of brain tissue

enlarged ventricles

sympt. of schizophrenia - store CSF

dopamine hypothesis

argument that schizophrenia is due to increased levels of dopamine

expressed emotion

high levels of hostility, criticism and over involvement in a family. Associated with more relapse for schizophrenia (caution- correlation is not causation)

culture free disorder

a disorder that seems to not vary much between cultures

social causation

low socioeconomic status causes mental disorders

social drift/selection

mental disorders cause low socioeconomic status

personality disorders

stable patterns of personality/action

antisocial personality disorder

psychopathy- pathological lying, manipulative behavior, repeated criminal behavior, impulsivity, low empathy, low guilt

empathy

ability to understand how others feel

autonomic nervous system

part of nervous system that controls involuntary actions eg.breathing, heart rate, digestion, etc

prefrontal cortex

part of brain assc. with self control

amygdala

part of brain assc. with fear and aggression (fight or flight)

MAOA gene

specific variant of MAOA gene increases risks of psychopathy IF AND ONLY IF they have a history of being abused

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

personality disorder with high emotional instability and dysregulation

emotion dysregulation

difficulty regulating emotions

splitting

characteristic of people with BPD; they alternate from saying someone is amazing to saying they are horrible

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

person has difficulty paying attention and has excessive energy

savant syndrome

condition where person has serious deficits but has one extremely advanced ability. typically autistic

dementia

class of disorders; cognitive decline in old age esp. memory

alzheimer’s disease

specific type of dementia, assc. w/ atrophy of hippocampus and temporal lobes (memory)

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter assc. with memory

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

biomarkers of alzheimer’s