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What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What are the three parts of the nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, Deoxyribose (sugar), and phosphates
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
How do the bases pair up (what pairs w/ what)?
A = T, G = C
What is the sugar found in DNA called?
Deoxyribose
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
Double Helix
What is the type of bond that holds the base pairs together? What makes up the backbone of the DNA molecule (the sides of the ladder)?
Hydrogen Bonds hold bases together, Covalent Bonds hold the backbone together.
What are the steps of DNA replication? Be sure to include the names of the enzymes involved.
Helicase unwinds DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds connecting the bases
DNA Polymerase adds bases following base pair rules
Two new molecules are made - each with one original and one new strand
DNA replication is called semi-conservative, what does that mean?
Each new molecule has one original strand saved and one new strand created
Why does a cell need to replicate its DNA?
When the cell divides, the two new cells need their own copy of DNA.
What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA - Double Stranded, has Thymine, and has Deoxyribose
RNA - Single Stranded, has Uracil, and has Ribose
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What are the three types of RNA and what is their function?
mRNA - Carries messages from DNA to Ribosomes (holds the codons which are read by the tRNA)
tRNA - is inside the ribosome and makes it up, reads the strand of mRNA to produce amino acids. (reads codon and makes complementary bases to create amino acids)
rRNA - Makes up the ribosome and gives it structure
How many nucleotides does it take to make one amino acid?
3
Where are proteins built? (on which cell organelle?)
Ribosomes
Where does transcription take place and what happens?
DNA ----> RNA, happens in the nucleus
What is the process called that changes DNA to mRNA?
Transcription
What is the process called that uses tRNA to carry amino acids to mRNA to build a polypeptide?
Translation
What are the complementary bases in DNA Replication?
DNA to DNA
A = T
T = A
G = C
C = G
What are the complementary bases in DNA transcription?
DNA to mRNA
A = U
T = A
G = C
C = G
Where does translation take place and what happens?
RNA → PROTEIN, In the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Describe the mutations:
Deletion - Base (Letter) is removed
Frameshift - Insertion or deletion that is not a multiple of three bases, results in alteration of the amino acids starting from the mutation
Missense - Changes one amino acid (Letter)
Silent - Base changes but does not affect the intended amino acids
Nonsense - Adds a STOP codon anywhere in the sequence
Insertion - Base is added
Label the structures
mRNA 1
tRNA 5
amino acid 3
ribosome 2
polypeptide (protein) 4
DNA replication results in
2 DNA molecules that each contain a strand of the original.
What are the units that form a DNA molecule?
Nucleotides
Which mutation is being illustrated?
Normal: GUG-UGA-CGC-UGU-CCA
Mutated: GGG-UGA-CGC-UGU-CCA
Substitution
In the sequence TAC GGA, what do the letters represent?
Nitrogenous Bases
Note 
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