APWH Unit 3

What did several empires do about their power from 1450 and 1750 and which empires?

Land based empires centralized their power

How were land based empires culturally and government wise?

Multi-ethnic and ruled by militaristic governments

What made the land empire’s expansion possible?

Gunpowder

What two weapons were mostly used that used gunpowder?

Cannons and muskets

What religion are the Byzantines?

Christian

What was the Byzantine Empire?

The surviving eastern half of the Roman Empire

What was the capital of Byzantine and what was its capital?

Constantinople and it was fortified and a wealthy center of world trade

When did the Byzantine empire die?

1450

What was the religion in the Ottoman Empire? What title did leaders use?

Sunni Islam. Leaders used the title of “Caliph”

What were the Janaissaries and what did they do?

An elite gunpowder-armed infantry that expanded the Ottoman Empire and helped it maintain control

What did an Ottoman leader do in 1453?

Conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire

What is the split between sunni and shia and what does each one believe?

Divide is over who should rule after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis believed the leader should be the most qualified person chosen by the community. Shias believe that the leader should be a direct descendant

Where is the Safavid empire?

Modern day Iran. Persia

What is the religion of the Safavid empire?

Shi’a Islam. Had many fights with Sunni Ottomans because of it

Where was the Mughal Empire?

South asia (Modern day India and Pakistan)

What was the Mughal religion?

Muslim majority government ruling over a Hindu majority population

What was different about Mughal leaders and what leader expressed this the best?

They practiced religious tolerance. Akbar the Great practiced it.

Where is the Manchu empire?

East asia (Modern day China)

How did the Manchu empire get created?

Manchu people from the north overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Manchu people are not ethnically chinese

What was a key feature to the Manchu empire?

Used gunpowder weapons to expand China’s borders to their largest extent in history

What was the battle of Chaldiran?

Sunni Ottomans attacked the Safavid Empire to stop Shi’a spread. Ottomans used cannons and muskets to crash Safavid cavalry

What was the Safavid-Mughal Rivalry?

Long running conflict about controlling the Fortress of Kandahar which was a gateway to trade between India and Persia.

What was the Songhai-Morrocan war?

Morocco crossed the Sahara armed with muskets to control Songhai empire’s wealth, trade, gold, and salt. Led to the collapse of the Songhai Empire

What did rulers of large and diverse empires need to do?

Legitimize their rule and centralize their control over population, resources, and land.

What did rulers use to legitimize their rule?

Religion, art, and architecture

What did europeans use to justify their power and how was it different from other states?

The Divine right of Kings. It was different because these kings could do anything but kings elsewhere had to treat their people with respect

What did the Mughals use to legitimize power?

Built the Taj Mahal

What did France use to legitimize their power?

Built the Palace of Versailles

What was a challenge with centralizing power?

Finding loyal people to recruit as officials

What was the Devshirme system?

They take young christian boys from the Balkans and train them and put them in positions of government. It allowed boys from lower classes to socially move up ranks. They promised these boys a beautiful wife, a large salary, and their sons can also be a part of the Janaissaries