Chapter 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

Vocabulary and key concepts from the lecture covering the meaning of history, historical methodology, source criticism, and Philippine historiography.

History (Traditional Understanding)

A study of the past and a chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes.

Historia

A Greek word meaning "Knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation."

Zeus Salazar's Definition of History

"Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG SALINGLAHI."

Pantayong Pananaw

A historical perspective introduced by Zeus Salazar in $1974$.

Pre-History

A period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were not preserved, analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and Anthropologists.

History (Modern Understanding)

The period starting when man began to write and record events using a system of writing, analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, and written papers.

Historians

Individuals who look at available sources, select relevant materials, organize the past, and seek meaning to show the continuing relevance of memories.

Historiography

The "writing of history" based on critical examination of sources, selection of authentic details, and synthesis into a narrative.

Historical Methodology

The aid used during "Historical Research" to conduct the critical examination of sources and synthesis of historical narratives.

Primary Sources

Contemporary accounts produced at the same time as the event being studied, including documents or artifacts created by a witness or participant.

Secondary Sources

Sources produced by authors who used and interpreted primary sources, often written a few years after the exact time of the event.

Garraghan (1950)

The scholar who identified $6$ points of inquiry to evaluate primary sources: Date, Localization, Authorship, Analysis, Integrity, and Credibility.

External Criticism

Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics and consistency with historical characteristics of the time and materials used.

Internal Criticism

An examination of the truthfulness and factuality of evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, and the agenda behind its creation.

Howell and Prevenier (2001)

Scholars who identified $7$ factors in evaluating through internal criticism: Genealogy, Genesis, Originality, Interpretation, Authorial authority, Competence of the observer, and Trustworthiness of the observer.

Roman Roque

Known as the "Forger of Philippine History."

Jose Marco

Referred to as the "Greatest Con Man of Philippine History" associated with the Code of Kalantiao.

William Henry Scott

A historian whose findings debunked the Code of Kalantiao by identifying chronological and terminological inconsistencies.

Historical Reliability: Primary Source

In terms of historical reliability, the closer the date of creation to the event, the more reliable the source.

Historical Reliability: Secondary Source

In terms of historical reliability, the more recent the source, the more reliable it is regarded.

Pre-historic era (Philippines)

The timeframe occurring around $9000\,BCE$ or $7000\,BCE$ in the Philippines.