chemistry 11: chapter 11

electrolysis

process of passing an electric current through an electrolyte to cause a nonspontaneous reaction

sodium

used in the manufacture of drugs and dyes

lithium

alloy with aluminum forms a very  strong, lightweight metal used in aircraft and spacecraft

• rubidium

• cesium

used to remove oxygen from vacuum tubes

alkali

fill in the blank

______ metals are most commonly used in their compounds

sodium hydroxide

sodium compound that is used in the preparation of many products and is a primary ingredient in many drain and oven cleaners

sodium carbonate

used in the production of glass; soda ash

sodium hydrocarbonate

baking soda

alkaline earth metals

group 2 metals; harder and denser than metals but still softer and less dense than most metals

beryllium

fill in the blank

all the alkaline earth metals except ________ are prepared by the electrolysis of the molten chloride at high temperatures

hard water

forms scummy deposits due to the presence of calcium, magnesium, or iron(II) ions

ion-exchange resins

synthetic organic polymers that soften water by replacing hard-water ions with other ions

beryllium

used in windows in x-ray tubes

magnesium

alkaline earth metal that burns in air with a bright white flame

calcium

essential component of bones and teeth that is also involved in nerve excitation, vision, and muscle contraction

calcium oxide

one of the most heavily used chemical in the US

calcium carbonate

main component of limestone that is used extensively in iron ore reduction and in cement manufacture; limestone

aluminum

light, silvery-white metal that is the third most abundant element and the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust

bauxite

the main form of aluminum ore (the major ore)

hall-heroult process

process in which pure aluminum metal is produced from alumina by electrolysis

alnico

magnetic material; nickel, iron, cobalt

thermite process

highly exothermic reaction of aluminum powder with oxygen from iron(III) oxide

lead

dense metal used in car and truck batteries, weights, small-arms ammunition, and radiation shielding

iron

silvery-white metal that is the second most abundant metal and, in the form of steel, the most abundantly used

hematite

most common form of iron

blast furnace

vertical, heat-resistant furnace column; used to refine iron ore through reactions involving coke, limestone, and heated oxygen

slag

floats upon the molten iron, preventing the reaction of incoming air with the molten iron

direct iron reduction

method in which natural gas is used to reduce iron ore to sponge iron

steel

alloy of iron and a small percentage of carbon

carbon steels

alloys of carbon and iron only

alloy steels

contain other metals besides iron

basic oxygen process

process that uses pure oxygen in a furnace lined with refractory bricks to refine pig iron to steel

electric arc process

steel-refining process in which an electric arc between giant carbon electrodes provides the heat to melt the metal

annealing

process in which internal stresses are removed from a piece of steel by heating it 700-800 degrees celsius for up to several hours and then slowly cooling it

cold working

method of hardening a piece of steel in which the metal is bent or hammered into its final shape at a relatively low temperature

quenching

process of hardening a piece of steel by cooling it quickly in a bath of cold water or oil

tempering

process in which hardened steel is made less brittle by gently heating it to a moderate temperature and allowing it to cool

case hardening

process that hardens the surface of steel while leaving the interior resilient by heating the object to a high temperature in a carbon-rich environment

copper

metal that is a good conductor of electricity and heat and is the primary component of brass and bronze

precious metals

valued for their appearance, durability, workability, and scarcity

cyanide process

process of extracting gold an silver from low-grade ores by reacting with aqueous sodium cyanide and treating the mixture with activated charcoal

gold

soft, yellow, highly lustrous, precious metal that is the most malleable and ductile metal known

silver

relatively soft, lustrous, and malleable precious metal that is the most reflective metal and is the best known conductor of heat and electricity at normal temperatures

amalgam

alloy of mercury and another metal

platinum

precious metal used primarily as a catalyst in pollution-control devices and in the production of petroleum products

osmium

densest naturally occurring element

titanium

strong, lightweight, heat-resistant metal widely used in helicopters, airplanes, and spacecraft

uranium

transition metal used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and prized for its density

silicon

semimetal that is used in the manufacture of computer chips and is a major component of silicates, glass, and silicones

silicon

second most abundant element behind oxygen

silicates

compounds containing metals and silicon-oxygen groups

germanium

uncommon semimetal primarily used in semiconductors

semiconductors

substances with electrical conductivity intermediate between conductors and insulators

computer chips

fill in the blank

one of the most important uses of silicon is in the manu­facture of ________ _____ and other electronic devices

beryl

mineral that is a silicate; the only example that he gave us

silica

three dimensional networks or polymers of silicates in which all four oxygen atoms are shared between tetrahedrons

glass

amorphous, transparent solid formed from silica that has melted and cooled

soda lime

basic glass; 90% of glass

asbestos

polysilicate mineral formed by heat and pressure within the earth’s crust

boron

relatively rare semimetal commonly found as the mineral borax