Art History - Exam 2

“The Raising of the Cross” by Rubens, Made for the Church of St. Walpurga in Antwerp, Flemish Baroque, oil on panel

“The Night Watch” by Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch Baroque, oil on canvas

“Woman Holding a Balance” by Vermeer, Dutch Baroque, oil on canvas

“View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen” by Ruisdael, Dutch Baroque, oil on canvas

“Flower Still Life” by Ruysch, Dutch Baroque, oil on canvas

“Et in Arcadia Ego” by Poussin, French Baroque, oil on canvas

Rubenesque

fleshy anatomy, figures have a lot of skin and fat to them

Still life

depiction of inanimate objects, usually everyday items

vanitas

a still life of objects that remind the viewer of their mortality and the idea that we will all die

momento mori

a symbol of “remember you will die”

Group portraiture

a portrait of a large group of people (think the Night Watch by Rembrandt)

Painterly

a way of painting with a very loose brushwork

genre scenes

paintings that depict scenes of everyday life

Camera obscura

projects an image of the outside world onto a dark space so artists can paint it

Calvinism

branch of Protestantism that was heavily popular in the Netherlands

Protestant Reformation

A call to reform the Catholic Church that then turned into the creation of Protestantism and it's churches

Iconoclasm

Pictures of godly figures in churches leads to idol worship, lead to many church interiors in the north being whitewashed

Dutch middle class

Began to boom in the 1600s due to trade, became wealthy and commissioned a lot of art, especially portraits

French Academy of Art

Founded by Louis XIV, focused on renaissance and classical art ideas, loved history paintings, had salons to see who was the best artist, best artist would win the Prix du Rome

Louis XIV (Sun King)

Built Versailles, founded the French Academy, thought he was descended from Apollo and coined the phrase “I am the state.”

Hierarchy of painting

The scale the French Academy of Arts rated paintings with history paintings being the highest, and miniatures being the worst

“The Swing” by Fragonard, French Rococo, oil on canvas

“The Marriage Contract” by Hogarth from Marriage à la Mode, English Rococo, oil on canvas

“Oath of the Horatii” by David, French Neoclassicism, oil on canvas

“Death of Marat” by David, French Neoclassicism, oil on canvas

Severn River Bridge by Darby, located in Coal Brookdale in England, English Neoclassicism

“The Death of General Wolfe” by West, English Neoclassicism, oil on canvas

“Grand Odalisque” by Ingres, French Romanticism

“The Raft of the Medusa” by Géricault, French Romanticism, oil on canvas

“Liberty Leading the People” by Delacroix, French Romanticism, oil on canvas

“Third of May” by Goya, Spanish Romanticism, oil on canvas

“The Slave Ship” by Turner, English Romanticism

“The Oxbow” by Cole, American Romanticism, oil on canvas

“The Luncheon on the Grass” by Manet, Realism

“Olympia” by Manet, Realism

moralizing scene

a scene to help one remember their morals and to show how not live (ex. Marriage á la mode)

Salon

Art exhibition/competition held by the Royal Academy of Art in France

Enlightenment

movement in Europe that emphasized reason, liberty and questioning the authority of the monarchs

The Grand Tour

trip where young men would go to Italy to learn about art and culture

Pompeii and Herculaneum

Cities being excavated at the time, many artifacts influenced art at the time

Storming of the Bastille

The beginning of the French Revolution where peasants stormed the prison of the Bastille

English Royal Academy

Established privately, meant to hold the same purpose as the one in France

Steel Construction

Beginning of the Industrial Revolution, monumental in making new things like the Severn River Bridge

History painting

A painting that shows a scene from “history” (could be historical, biblical, mythological, etc.)

Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité

Three values of the French Revolution

Phrygian cap

Cap that symbolized freedom during the Revolution

Westward Expansion

Expansion of U.S. territorial gains into western North America

Sublime

a sense of awe and wonder, and even terror but finding pleasure in it

The Zong

Ship where over 130 slaves were thrown overboard, left to die

Joseph Bonaparte

King of Spain during Napoleonic rule

Charles IV

King of Spain who made an alliance with Napoleon, which was then broken

Communist Manifesto

Written by Marx and Engels, new way of government where the proletariat hold the power

Avant-garde

“Before the guard” - Artists who branched off to try new techniques and styles that were completely new

“The Hay Wain” by Constable, English Romanticism, oil on canvas

“Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket” by Whistler, Early Impressionism

“Impression: Sunrise” by Monet, Impressionism

“Paris Street, Rainy Day” by Caillebotte, Impressionism

“A Bar at the Folies-Bergère” by Manet, Post Impressonism

“A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Seurat, Post Impressionism

“Still Life with Basket of Apples” by Cézanne, Early French Modernism

“Street, Dresden” by Kirchner, German Expressionism

“The Young Ladies of Avignon” by Picasso, Cubism

“Still Life with Chair-Caning” by Picasso, Cubism

“Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash” by Balla, Futurism

“Unique Forms of Continuity in Space” by Boccioni, Futurism

“Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance” by Arp, Dada

“Fountain” by Duchamp, Dada

Premade tube paint

New invention meaning paint did not need to be prepared by the artist, it could be bought

en plein air

painting outdoors, rather than inside a studio, popular with impressonism

Whistler vs Ruskin

Court case over Nocturne in Black and Gold, said that if the artist says it is art, then it is art

Impasto

Using a lot of paint, makes the painting thick, sculpture-like

Arbitrary color

colors that convert a specific meaning or mood but may not be the actual color of something

Pointillism

Small dots applied to surface to make an image (ex. la Grand Jatte)

Primitivism

a style of art meant to symbolize the physical state of nature

The Bridge

German expressionist group that sought to unite art from past, present and future

The Blue Rider

German expressionist group that was interested in uniting color with abstraction and spontaneity

Analytic cubism

early phase of cubism that uses fragmentation of subjects into multiple viewpoints

Synthetic Cubism

characterized by simpler shapes/colors and collage/pasted materials

futurist manifesto

foundational text of futurism that advocated for speed and technology, but also war

Armory Show NYC

presented avant-garde styles for the first time, shocked many people

Ready-made

made by someone else, but used in art

sound poetry

poetry with no real words but uses sounds instead

Collage

A mix of materials together

“The Treachery of Images” by Magritte, Surrealism

“Autumn Rhythm” by Pollock, Abstract Expressionism

“Marilyn Diptych” by Warhol, Pop Art

“Oh Jeff….I Love You, Too… But…” by Lichtenstein, Pop Art

Spiral Jetty by Smithson, Earth Works

“Supermarket Shopper” by Hanson, Superrealism

“Brown, Blue, Brown on Blue” by Rothko, Color Field Painting

“Harvest of Death” by O’Sullivan, Realism