Psych 1013 exam 2

What is the most basic part of the nervous system

neurons

the parts of a Neuron

dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminals

• Dendrites

• the receiving part of the neuron.

  It’s connected to the soma. Neurons have a

  lot of these so they can make as many

  connections as possible.

• Soma-

• It’s the cell body. It makes proteins

  and the building blocks of neurotransmitters.

  Where the nucleus is found

• Axon

• the sending portion of the neuron.

  It’s covered in myelin sheath and connect

  to the axon terminals

• Myelin Sheath

• - a white fatty substance that insulates the signal being sent through the axon

• Axon Terminals

• - contain the neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse.

where is synapse

found between the dendrite of one neuron and the axon terminal of another

three types of neurons

sensory, motor, interneurons

• Sensory neuron

• Receive input from the sensory organs and send it to the brain

motor neuron

• send output from the brain to muscles and organs enabling the body to move.

interneuron

• relay info between the neurons in the brain aka between the motor and sensory neurons

• If the message is inside the neuron then its…

electrical

• If the message is outside the neuron then its…

chemical

what chemicals go in and out of neurons

K+, Cl-, Na+

neurons at rest are ———- charged inside and ——— charged outsdie

negatively, positively

action potential

an impulse is going through the neuron

• refractory period

• After firing a neuron can’t fire for a brief time

during a refractory period, what is the state of said neuron, what does it mean

hyperpolarized, its more negative than at rest

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers

the 8 steps to synaptic transmission

1. synthesis, 2 transportation and storage, 3. release, 4 binding, 5 deactivation, 6 autorecpetor , 7 reuptake, 8 degradation

synthesis

neurontransmitters are made in soma

trasnporate and storage

neurotransmitters are taken to the end of axon terminals in vesicals to be released in next step

release

action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released

binding

neurotransmitters bind at receptor sites on dendrites of next neuron

deactivation

neurotransmitters are destroyed in synapse

auto receptor activation

some neurotransmitters bind back to receptor sites on the og neuron

reuptake

leftover or excess neurontransmitters are brought back for recycling

degradation

too much leftover neurotransmitters are broken down

what did donald hebb propose (hebbian laerning rule)

single neurons dont influence behavior “ neurons that fire together wire togeher”

long term potentiation

• persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

types of neurotransmitters

excitatory and inhibitory

excitatory neurotransmitters

• increased the chance that the postsynaptic neuron will activate and generate an action potential

inhibitory neurotransmitters

• decreases the chance that the postsynaptic neuron will activate and generate an action potential

agonists

chemicals that mimic neurotransmitters

antagonists

chemicals that oppose neurotransmitters

Examples of neurotransmitters

acetylcholine, monoamines( dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine), GABA, glutamate, endorphines

Acetylcholine

found in all motor neurons; it stimulates the muscles to contract, but also involved in learning and memory

Dopamine

a monoamines- linked to feelings of pleasure and desire but also deal w/ body movement, memory, attention, sleep and etc

serotonin

a monoamine-Linked to mood/ emotion, anxiety, behavior, sleep, sexuality, appetite, etc.

norepinephrine

a monoamine-linked to bodies response to fear or threat but also involved in sleep. learning, memory, etc

GABA

has an inhibitory effect on the NS- it slows down transmission of nerve impulses,

glutamate

has an excitatory effect on the NS-important for learning. memory, and sensory processes

endorphines

chemically similar to morphine(and other opiates), and are released in response to stress, trauma and pain

glia

support cells, the glue of the NS

examples of glia cells

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia

oligodendrocytes

• form myelin sheath covering axons or Schwann cells

astrocytes

provide nutrients to neurons; help communication between neurons; provide connections between neurons and blood vessels

microglia

remove debris, waste, damaged cells from NS

divisions of the NS

• Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

central NS

brain and spine

peripheral

branches into somatic and autonomic

somatic

• controls voluntary behavior and contains sensory and motor nerves

autonomic

controls involuntary behavior ( breathing, heart rate). breaks off into sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic

bodies emergency system (arousing)

Parasympathetic

bodies conservation system (calms you down)

what is the CNS protected by

brain-the skull

spinal cord- the vertebral column

meninges

3 membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord

the parts of meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

dura mater

hard membrane, first layer of meninges

arachnoid mater

spider webby membrane, second layer of meninges

pia mater

smallest and a delicate little membrane, third membrane of meninges

cerebrospinal fluid

clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a protective cushion, providing mechanical support and helping to maintain a stable environment for the central nervous system. CSF also plays a role in removing waste products from the brain and delivering nutrients and hormones.

where is cerebrospinal fluid located

located between the arachnoid mater, and pia mater

3 main components of the brain

forebrain (Prosencephalon), Midbrain (Mesencephalon), Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

what is the main part of the forebrain

cerebrum

what is the cerebrum

the largest part of the brain and covers mainly the top of the brain.

what controls cerebrum

controls vision, thinking, and other cognitive functions

the surface of the cerebrum is called the…

cerebral cortex

what is makes up of the cerebral cortex

gray matter which is made of somas

the brain is folded up so it can all fit in your skull. and bc of this there are hills and valleys. the valleys are called _______ and the hills are called ________

sulci, gyri (singular sulcus, gyrus)

what is white matter in the brain made up of

tails of neurons

the brain is divided into how many hemispheres

2

the left hemisphere controls the…

voluntary limb movement on the right of ur body

the right hemisphere controls the…

voluntary limb movement on the left side of ur body

contralateral control

the left side of ur brain controls the right side pf ur body and the right side of ur brain controls the left side of ur body

corpus callosum

a band of nerves that connects the two hemispheres

each hemisphere is broken into how many lobes

4

the 4 lobes and how are they are named

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe. named by the closest bone

jobs of the frontal lobes

primary motor cortex and voluntary movements

if you have a stroke thta affctes ur language, what area does it affect

brocas area

executive functions of frontal lobes

thinking, planning decision making

mirror neurons

responds when you see other people do something. found in frontal lobe

largest part of the brain

forebrain

example of something mirror neurons

when you see someone brushing their teeth, you feel as if ur brushing ur teeth

what is global aphasia

when you have both brocas and wernickes aphasia

where is the brocas are located

close to the muscles of ur mouth and throat

difference Aphasia and Disphasia

Aphasia is worse than Disphasia

t or f: strokes that affect language affect just speaking

False, it affcets writing and speaking

T or F: broca’s aphasia is expressive aphasia and wernickes is receptive area

true

mirror neurons

respond when you see other people do something

who is phineas gage

the guy thta got a pole through his frontal cortex

when phineas gage got a pole through his head whta changed

his personality, control over his emotions became hard, decision making was harder

Parietal lobe functions

primary somatosensory cortex, space and object orientation

temporal lobe functions

hearing, complex facial comprehension

what lobe is wernickes area in

temporal

Wernickes Aphasia

• trouble understanding language

• can’t put together sentences that make sense

occipital lobe funcitons

deals fully with vision

what happens if oyu damage the occipital lobe

can go blind or start hallucinating

motor cortex

voluntary movement. top of it controls the bottom part of ur body. bottom of it controls the top part of ur body