AP Language: Diction, Coherence & Transitions, Counterclaims & Qualifiers, CHORES

connotation

The impact of the author's diction choices comes from the ___________________ of the words chosen.

Diction

word choice

denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

connotation

emotional or cultural associations with the world

adjectives, adverbs

Descriptive words, such as ____________ and ___________, not only qualify or modify the things they describe but also convey a perspective towards those things.

coherence

logical bridge between words, sentences, and paragraphs in writing

incoherence

to lack focus or logic in your words

clause

In a sentence, the idea in one _________ logically links to an idea in the next

sentence

In a paragraph, the idea in one ___________ logically links to an idea in the next

paragraph

In a text, the ideas in one _______________ logically link to the ideas in the next

if the sentences in your paragraph are interchangable

if the body paragraphs in your essay are interchangable

To see if your writing lacks in coherence, check for these things

transition words

words or other elements (phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs) that assist in creating coherence among sentences, paragraphs, or sections in a text by showing relationships among ideas

examples of transition words

However, although, additionally, previously, consequently

examples of transition phrases

For example, in fact, on the contrary, in the meantime, for this reason

examples of transition phrases

, but this could not last.

While some opponents of the law point to a lack of precedent,

Even though there are potential benefits,

Parallelism

uses similar words, phrases, or clauses to show that ideas have the same level of importance. This structure improves readability by giving a natural flow to a written work.

Examples of parallel structure

Natural-sounding English: I like watching TV, cooking, and skydiving.

Unnatural: I like to watch TV, cooking, and skydiving.

counterargument, counterclaim, or counterpoint

an opposing point that contradicts a writer's thesis or point in his or her line of reasoning

parallelism

Parallel sentences, parallel structure

concede, rebut, refute

3 ways to respond to a counterclaim:

concede

acknowledges the counterclaim is correct under some circumstances

rebut

completely rejects the counterclaim with evidence

refute

offers a contrasting perspective

oversimplification and generalizations

A lack of understanding of the complexities of a subject or an issue can lead to

claims, reasoning, and evidence in absolute terms

Because arguments are usually part of an ongoing discourse, effective arguments often avoid expressing

qualify, limit the scope

Writers may strategically use words, phrases, and clauses as modifiers to ______________ or _________________ of an argument

Current events, history, outside knowledge, reading, entertainment, science and sports

CHORES

good

Use anything that comes to mind for CHORES

bad

go for cliche or obvious CHORES

good

Use examples from fiction and games for CHORES

bad

most of your support for CHORES comes "make believe."

good

Use reasoning to support your argument for CHORES

bad

use hypotheticals that veer into strawman argument for CHORES

Good

Draw from experiences you've had or seen for CHORES if your experience is really different and out of the ordinary

Where CHORES come from

- Constantly reading for news, emerging science, history, etc.

- Engaging in classes with both your teachers and other students

- Thinking about why you feel the way you do on certain topics.