AP Human Geography Unit 1-Modules 1-3

Define Cartographer

a person who makes maps

Define data aggregation

The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information

Define spatial perspective

a geographic perspective that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space

define spatial patterns

the placement or arrangement of objects on Earth's surface; also includes the space between those objects

Sketch and Label the graph for time-distance decay.

distance as in how long it takes to get somewhere

How does the concept of time-distance decay relate to an individual's food purchases?

the individual will more often go to the closest store for food, even if it is not the healthiest. The individual will go to a healthy store less and less the further and further away they live

Define map scale

the distance on a map in relation to distance in actual space; for example, 1 inch on a map might indicate a distance of 100 miles

Define scale

the territorial extent of an idea or object

Define absolute distance

the distance that can be measured using a standard unit of length, such as a foot, yard, mile, or kilometer

Define relative distance

a measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places despite their absolute distance from each other

What does T.O.D.A.L.S.S. stand for?

Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Scale, Source

What does T.O.D.A.L.S.I.G.S. stand for?

Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Scale, Index, Grid, Source

What does E.S.P.N.+D.C.+G. stand for?

Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental+Demographic, Cultural+Gender

What are the 4 levels of analysis?

1. Comprehension 2. Identification 3. Explanation 4. Prediction

Define relative directions

directions that can be described as position, such as in front or behind, to the left or to the right

Define absolute direction

corresponds to the direction on a compass: north, south, east, west, and combinations such as northeast and southwest

What is the difference between thematic and reference maps?

Thematic maps show spatial patterns and show the distribution of an attribute or the relationship of many attributes. However, reference maps show geographic locations on earth surface and often show boundaries, names, and identifiers of areas.

What are three examples of reference maps?

Roadmap, physical map, political state/countries maps

What are three examples of choropleth maps?

Presidential election outcomes, percentage of people in each state who live in poverty, and amounts of returning displaced persons in each area.

What are the five types of thematic maps?

Cnoropleth, dot-density, graduated/proportional symbol, cartogram, and isoline and topographic

What are cartogram maps good for?

Showing the size of a specific variable in separate areas

What are graduated circle maps good for?

Showing data in specific locations; easy to read

What does S.A.D.D. stand for?

shape, area, distance, direction-types of distortion

What is the purpose of a Mercator map?

navigation

What are the strengths of a Mercator map?

The distance between lines of longitude are constant and latitude and longitude lines meet at right angles

What are the weaknesses of a Mercator map?

Land masses are large near the poles

What is the purpose of a peters map projection?

Spatial distribution

What are the strengths of a peters projection?

Area of landmasses is accurate

What is the weakness of a peters projection?

Shape of land masses at poles is distorted

What is the purpose of the Robinson map projection?

General use

What are the strengths of a Robinson projection?

No major distortion and curved sides resemble a globe

What is the weakness of a Robinson projection?

Slight distortion in area, shape, and size

How does the Goode Homolosine map avoid all shape distortion and restrictions of a regular map?

It creates interruptions in the map with splits in the oceans, which is a departure from reality.

What is a polar projection?

A map projection that looks down at Earth from the perspective of one of the poles

Draw a conic map projection

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Draw a Azimuthal Projection

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Draw a fuller projection

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Define fieldwork

Learning and doing research involving firsthand experience, which takes place outside the classroom setting

Define census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various detail details about individuals, such as age, gender, race, and location

How often does a census happen in the USA?

Every 10 years

Define geospatial technologies

refers to the equipment and software that are used to measure and analyze Earth's land and features

Define absolute location

A precise position on Earth's surface

Define latitude lines

the (invisible) horizontal line circling Earth, parallel to the equator; latitude is the degree of distance north or south from the equator, which is at 0°, as far as the poles, which are at 90°.

Define longitude lines

the (invisible) vertical lines on the Earth's surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North Pole with the South Pole

Define Prime Meridian

the 0 degree longitudinal line that runs through Greenwich, England; also known as the Greenwich Meridian

Define Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system of 24 satellites that orbit earth twice daily and transmit radio signals earthward; the basis for many map based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another. Gives absolute location, and is used for navigation.

Define Geographic Information System (GIS)

A software application for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on earth's surface; allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem-solving and research; receivers on earths surface use locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver's exact location; used for crime rates

Define remote sensing

The scanning of Earth by satellite or high flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it

Define relative location

The position of one place (or person) in relation to the position of another place (or person)

Define space (as a geographer)

The areas we occupy as humans; it has no value until the people who occupy it make it their own

Defined place (as a geographer)

How we modify space based on who we are as a group of people

Define cultural landscape

The built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting Earth-Farm Field, cities, houses, and so on-and the meaning, values, representations, and experiences associated with those forms

Define sense of place

Factors that contribute to the uniqueness of a location

Define site

Characteristics of immediate location; can include environmental features

Define situation

Location relative to its surroundings, can change

What is aerial photography?

Professional images from a plane or drone; useful for natural disasters

What is clustering?

When multiple variables are very close together; density - the number of something in a defined area

What is dispersal/distribution

When multiple variables are far apart; distribution - the way something is spread out over an area

What are patterns and spatial associations?

Indication that two (or more) phenomena might be related, associated, or correlated with one another. Relationships.

Define time-space compression and give two examples

The decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost; often summarize by the phrase "the world is shrinking." EX. High speed air travel, sophisticated telecommunications.

Define interdependence

The ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system that is not necessarily based on equality

Define diffusion

The pattern by which a phenomenon, such as the movement of people, or their ideas, technologies, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time.

Define collective learning (google)

Ability to learn and transfer the knowledge learned. Sharing, preserving and building upon idea over time.

Define independent invention

Occurs when the same or a very similar innovation is developed at the same time in different places by different people working independently

What is expansion diffusion?

Occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area, so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurrence increase

What are the three subgroups of expansion diffusion?

Hierarchal, contagious, and stimulus

Define hierarchical diffusion

Occurs when ideas leapfrog from one important person, community, or city to another, bypassing, other persons, communities, or rural areas

Give two examples of hierarchical diffusion

A famous celebrity or athlete's clothing style influencing others to have the same style, and sushi diffusing from Japan to the US, starting in larger city, such as LA and New York

Define reverse hierarchical diffusion.

Occurs when ideas leapfrog from a lower level of hierarchy to a higher level

Define contagious diffusion

The wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy

Give two examples of contagious diffusion

Memes on social media spreading quickly from person to person, and videos going viral online

Define stimulus diffusion

Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted

Give two examples of stimulus diffusion

Sesame Street characters having different stories in different parts of the world, and southern cultures domesticating cattle influencing Siberians to domesticate reindeer

Define relocation diffusion

Occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland.

Give two examples of relocation diffusion

European settlers brought Christianity to the Americas, and ethnic foods spread when migrants bring their food preferences to their new country.

Define friction of distance

The inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes friction of distance