Foundations of Criminal Law & Justice

What are the two main divisions of the U.S. court system?

Federal and state systems.

What types of cases do federal courts handle?

Violations of federal laws, constitutional issues, and disputes between states.

What is a trial court responsible for?

Trial courts are where cases begin, evidence is presented, and facts are determined.

What is the role of appeals courts?

Appeals courts review trial records to ensure legal fairness without re-evaluating evidence.

What does evidence include?

Information used to prove or disprove a case, including witness testimony, documents, and physical objects.

What is a verdict?

The formal decision made by a judge or jury regarding guilt or innocence.

What is a bench trial?

A trial without a jury, where the judge decides the outcome.

What is the primary goal of trial courts?

To determine the facts of the case and whether the prosecution has proven guilt.

What is the definition of an appeal?

A request for a higher court to review a case for legal errors, not to re-try the case.

What can be a possible outcome of an appeal?

Affirming, reversing, remanding, or ordering a new trial.

What is the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in the court system?

It is the final authority on federal law and reviews limited cases often involving significant constitutional issues.

What type of cases do specialized courts handle?

Specific types of cases, such as bankruptcy, juvenile matters, and drug offenses.

Who is the defendant?

The accused individual who responds to charges.

What is the prosecutor's responsibility in court?

To represent the government and prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

What is the presumption of innocence?

The defendant is considered innocent until proven guilty.

What is meant by due process?

The requirement for fair legal procedures and respect for constitutional rights.

What is the burden of proof in criminal cases?

The prosecution must prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.