Macromolecules

Organic molecules

contain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen

Inorganic molecules

molecules that do not contain carbon

4 most important types of organic compounds

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Functional Groups

A group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit

5 functional groups important in human physiology

Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Methyl, Phosphate

Hydroxyl

A polar component of all four types of organic compounds, involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis ( OH-)

Carboxyl

COOH (acid) found within fatty acids, amino acids, and many other acids

Amino

(NH2) found within amino acids

Methyl

(CH3) found within amino acids

Phosphate

(PO4 3-) found within phospholipids and nucleotides

Macromolecule

Made up several "copies" of single units called monomers

Monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis (in complex molecules)

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Carbohydrates

A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Three forms of carbohydrates important to the body

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides important to the body

Glucose fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

Disaccharides

A pair of Monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis

Disaccharide important to the body

sucrose, lactose, and Maltose

Polysaccharides

Can contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides important to the body

Starches, glycogen and cellulose

The Functions of carbohydrates

Fuels body cells with energy from glucose

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule created from the breakdown of glucose for energy

Lipids

A diverse group of hydrocarbons (Fat)

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acid changes that have no double carbon bonds anywhere along their length ;contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholesterol

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

Prostaglandins

A group of signaling molecules (like a hormone);derived from unsaturated fatty acids; sensitizes nerves to pain

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

What do proteins contain?

Nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Microstructure of proteins

proteins are polymers made up of nitrogen containing monomers called amino acids

Structure of an amino acid

contain an acid (carboxyl group) and a base (amino group); join via dehydration synthesis to form protein polymers; kept together by peptide bonds

Shape of proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary structure of a protein

A sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

Secondary structure of proteins

Maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the original polypeptide strand (may be referred to as an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet)

Tertiary structure of a protein

Further holds the bonds of the secondary structure by bringing amino acids closer via hydrogen bonds

quaternary structure of a protein

Occurs as a result of interactions between two or more tertiary subunits

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Proteins function as enzymes

Catalyze Reactions

Other functions of proteins

Maintain acid-base balance, help fluid-electrolyte balance, transports electrolytes, can use for energy, but not ideal source

Nucleotides

the building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Nucleic Acids

Polymers made of nucleotide monomers, which store and transmit genetic information. Differ in their type of pentose sugars

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A nucleotides that stores genetic information; contains deoxyribose + one phosphate group + nitrogen containing base

What does the nitrogenous base of a DNA contain?

Adenine cytosine thymine and guanine

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A ribose containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein; composed of ribose, one phosphate group, and one nitrogen containing base

What does the nitrogenous base of a RNA contain?

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

Purines

A nitrogen containing molecule with a double ring structure which accommodate several nitrogen atoms

What nitrogen bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

Pyramidines

Nitrogen containing base with a single ring structure

What nitrogen bases are pyramidines?

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

What does the sequence of nitrogen containing bases within a strand of DNA do?

Form genes that act as a molecular code instructing cells in the assembly of amino acids into proteins

What is Adenosine Triphosphate composed of?

A ribose sugar, an adenine base, and 3 phosphate group

what is ATP classified as?

A high energy compound because of the significant amount of potential energy

If one phosphate group is taken away from ATP what is it called?

Adenosine Diphosphate

If ATP only has one phosphate group, what is it called?

Adenosine Monophosphate

How does ATP lose a phosphate?

Hydrolysis

How does ATP gain a phosphate?

Phosphorylation

What is Phosphorylation

Addition of a phosphate group 2 an organic compound