Unit 7 AP Psych Study Guide

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100 Terms

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motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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instinct

unlearned, patterned behavior

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physiological need

basic needs that are vital to survival, such as food, water, sleep, and warmth

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drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal regulated state

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incentive

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior; can be material or inward feeling

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Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases/suffers

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hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs: (bottom to top)

physiological needs = air, water, food

safety needs = physical/emotional safety (healthy, property, employment)

love and belonging = friendship, intimacy, sense of connection

esteem = respect, self-esteem, recognition

self actualization = desire to become the most that one can be/reach your fullest potential (most haven’t reached this)

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glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when low, we feel hunger

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ghrelin

hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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set point

when body falls below weight, body fights losing weight; our body’s ideal weight

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basal metabolic rate

how quickly your body processes food, related to set point

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testosterone

male hormone

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estrogen

female hormone

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sexual response cycle

  1. excitement - heart racing, start sweating

  2. plateu - reach your personal excitement meter

  3. orgasm - reached sexual satisfaction

  4. refractory period - calms your body down

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imagined stimuli

anything that brings on excitement

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affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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autonomy

sense of control

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competence

deep sense of well-being (feeling confident/capable in specific areas)

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ostracism

deliberate exclusion of someone; leads to violent behavior

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narcissism

thinking so highly of yourself that you believe everyone else is beneath you

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self-disclosure

when in social media, you act in a way you wouldn’t in real life

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achievement motivation

individual person’s need to meet their goals

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emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological response, (2) expressive behaviors and (3) conscious experience

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James-Lange theory of emotion

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus; stimulus to arousal to emotion

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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological response and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

to experience emotion, one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal; arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it

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polygraph

based on vital signs, notoriously unreliable

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primary emotions

mad, sad, glad; secondary emotions are a combination of these emotions

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display rules

verbal and nonverbal cues; varies among cultures

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facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

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stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors (catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles) that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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eustress

stress brought on by positive events

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general adaption syndrome (GAS)

Hans Selye concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)

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tend-and-befriend response

providing support to those in need

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health psychology

psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

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psychoneuroimmunology

study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system

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Type A

highly competitive, impatient, and prone to hostility

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Type B

mellow, goals are accomplished or not, relaxed, less competitive

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Type C

combination of both types

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catharsis

releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

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aerobic exercise

helps reduce stress

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mindfulness meditation

people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental/accepting manner

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feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

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positive psychology

scientific study of positive emotions and character traits that add to quality of life

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adaption-level phenomenon

the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm. Once the new situation is normal, another new experience is needed -- it constantly raises the level for what is new or exciting as each new thing becomes the norm.

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relative deprivation

the perception of being worse off compared to others

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personality

usual pattern of behavior

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psychosexual stages (Freud)

  1. oral stage (birth to 18 months) = discovering the world through your mouth, if you get stuck you eat your pen, bite nails, chew gum…

  2. anal stage (18 months to 3 years) = potty training; anal retentive = a person who has fixated on the anal stage of development, typically overly tidy, punctual and respectful of authority due to an excessive need for self-control; anal expulsive = messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant due to a fixation

  3. phallic stage (3 to 6 years) = pleasure focuses on the genitals, kids masturbate in public

  4. latency stage (6 years to puberty) = no romantic feelings, children focus on developing social and intellectual skills

  5. genital stage (puberty to on) = normal romantic feelings, strong sexual interest

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psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of life experiences

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psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions; shaped by childhood

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Freud’s unconscious

cannot prove it exists, the idea that the mind has hidden, forbidden thoughts that direct our behavior without our knowledge

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free association

psychoanalytic idea, explore our unconscious by saying all of our thoughts out loud

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repression

forcibly removing information that causes discomfort from the conscious mind; cannot be proved; psychological defense mechanism

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id

urge to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle which demands instant gratification

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superego

part of unconscious that demands perfection (instead of pleasure), acts as your conscience

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ego

part of the mind that balances out the id and superego; most of us are ruled by our ego

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Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy’s feelings for mom makes him jealous and resentful of dad

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Electra complex

equivalent for girls of Oedipus complex

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identification

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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fixation

being stuck in a psychosexual stage

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defense mechanisms

the ego’s method for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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collective unconscious

a shared, inherited collection of memories that is related to human history

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projective test

a personality test that provides ambiguous (unclear) images to measure personality; hard to prove validity

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displacement

defense mechanism; take out frustration on others

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regression

defense mechanism; act childlike

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projection

psychological defense mechanism where individuals attribute characteristics they find unacceptable in themselves to another person

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reaction formation

a defense mechanism where an individual acts in a manner opposite to their actual feelings to keep their true feelings hidden

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unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers; a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which helps people accept themselves; not scientific/hard to measure

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traits

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

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Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs

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Alfred Kinsey

sexual cycle

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William James

James-Lange theory of emotion

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Walter Cannon

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

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Stanley Schachter

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

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Joseph LeDoux, Robert Zajonc, Richard Lazarus

emotion and cognition are critical

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Paul Ekman

studied emotions/facial expressions

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Hans Selye

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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Rorshach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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humanistic theory

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

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self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

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personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

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social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

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behavioral approach

focuses on how observable behaviors are learned and influenced by the environment

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reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

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self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

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self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

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self-serving bias

the tendency to attribute positive events to one's own character but attribute negative events to external factors

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individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

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Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

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Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

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Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory; childhood anxiety triggers our strivings for superiority and power; we all need love and security, not scientific

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Carl Jung

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

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Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

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The Big Five

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism/emotional stability, openness, and extraversion (CANOE)