Honors Bio Chp. 10 Quiz

How long would a DNA molecule from one cell be if you untangled it and stretched it out? How many times could you stretch the DNA in all of Hanks cells to the sun?

taller than Hank; 600 times

What kind of acid is DNA? What are the three other important groups of biological molecules?

nucleic acid; carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

What are the small repeating units in DNA? What three things do you need to make up each nucleotide?

nucleotides; five carbon sugar molecules, a phosphate group, 1 of 4 nitrogen bases

What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA nucleotides?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

The pair of molecules that make up DNA are in the form of a twisted ladder, what is this shape called? Do the molecules go in the same direction or opposite direction?

double helix; oppositr

When forming base pairs, what does adenine only bond with? What does guanine only bond with?

thymine; cytosine

Is RNA a single or double strand? What base does it have in place of thymine?

single strand; uracil

Who determined the helical structure of DNA? Why didn't the Nobel Prize Committee consider her for an award?

Rosalind Franklin; because of how dead she was

What is it called when DNA copies itself? What does helicase do?

replication; unwinds DNA

What is the top strand called? What does Hank call the lagging strand? Which strand is it easier to make a new DNA strand from?

leading; scumbag; leading

DNA replication gets it wrong one out of how many nucleotides?

10 billion nucleotides

Early on, what were the two possibilities for genetic material?

proteins or DNA

The role of DNA in heredity was determined through experiments using what two microorganisms?

bacteria and the viruses that infect them

What are bacteriophages?

viruses that infect bacteria

What does a phage do after it has attached itself to a bacterial cell?

infect it

What are the three components of a DNA or RNA nucleotide?

nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group

What are the four bases that are present in DNA nucleotides?

adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

What base does RNA have instead of thymine?

uracil

Watson and Crick have been credited with discovering the double-helix structure of DNA. Which one was the young American? Whose X-ray image of DNA inspired Watson?

James D. Watson; Rosalind Franklin

How many strands are present in DNA?

2 polynucleotide strands

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T? C and G?

2; 3

The genetic information in a chromosome is encoded in what?

nucleotide sequence of DNA

What kind of model does DNA replication follow?

semiconservative model

During replication, after the original strands separate, each one becomes a template for what type of strand? What does each new DNA helix have?

-assembly of a complementary strand from a supply of free nucleotides

-one old strand with one new strand

Which enzyme links pieces of nucleotides into a singe DNA strand?

DNA ligase

DNA specifies traits by directing what? What is the molecular chain of command between proteins, DNA and RNA?

-dictating protein synthesis

-DNA in the nucleus -> RNA in the cytoplasm -> protein

What is transcription?

the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

What is translation?

the synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA

What do genes provide the instructions for making?

specific proteins

What does the sequence of nucleotides in DNA provide a code for?

constructing a protein

Protein construction requires a conversion of a nucleotide sequence to what?

amino acid sequence

What code is used going from gene to protein? What is another name for the amino acid sequence written in DNA and RNA as three base "words"

triplet code; codons

What term is used to describe switching from nucleotide language to amino acid language?

translation

How many codon combinations are possible? Are some amino acids associated with more than one codon?

64; yes

What is the genetic code? How many nucleotides specify one amino acid?

amino acid translations of each of the nucleotide triplets; 3

What is the code for methionine and what does this code signal? How many stop codons are there?

AUG code, signals the start of transcription; 3

What is the term to describe that any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid?

unambiguous

What is the range of organisms that share this genetic code?

simplest bacteria to the most complex plants and animals