interpersonal psych 2 review

rewards/costs

The outcome of the interaction, profit (rewards) or costs (lost)

Interdependence Theory

Exists when we need others and they need us. In order to obtain valuable interpersonal rewards

Comparison Level

What we expect and feel we deserve in our dealings with others

outcomes-CL=Satisfaction or dissatisfaction

Comparison Level of alternatives

Describes the outcomes we think we can get elsewhere. Do this even if its a good relationship

Things we lose if the relationship ends, makes it harder to leave, reduces our CLaltS

Outcomes-CLalt=Dependence or independence

When outcomes exceed both CL AND CLalt it’s a happy stable relationship

When outcomes exceed CLalt, falls below CL its a unhappy but stable relationship

Outcomes exceed CL but fall below CLalt it’s happy but unstable relationship

Outcomes fall below CL and CLalt unhappy and unstable relationship

Role of perception in satisfaction of partnerships (aka, what will happy in terms of satisfaction if one partner believes they are putting way more into a relationship).

Less satisfied in the relationship

Approach/avoidance in relationships

Gain positive outcomes= approach motivation (causes pleasure)

Avoid negative experiences= avoidance motivation (causes pain)

-precarious

Unsafe, many delights and dangerous. Avoidance goals are not fulfilled (dangerous and threatening) and approach goals are fulfilled

Flourishing

Many delights and few costs. Toward approach goals are fulfilled and avoidance goals are fulfilled (safe and secure)

Distressed

Few rewards and many costs. Avoidance goals are not fulfilled approach goals are not fulfilled (dull and stagnant)

Boring

Safe but dull, avoidance goals are fulfilled (safe and secure) and approach goals are not fulfilled (dull and stagnant)

Investment Model

The more your involved in that relationship= more committed to the relationship

Stay with partner when:

They are happy

No one better than them

Cost to much to leave

Relational turbulence

Doubt and uncertainty can also accompany emerging commitment

Factors that appear to lead to dissatisfaction in marriage

poor communication, financial issues, a lack of intimacy, and infidelity. External stressors, differing expectations, and unresolved personal issues can also create significant discord

What ratio of rewards to costs are suggested to be needed to be satisfied in a relationship?

5-to-1 ratio

Three Themes of friendship

-affection

Trust, care, and like

-communion

How to help each other out. Support system

-companionship

Source of fun and company

Capitalization

Occurs when others enthusiastically enhance our happiness by being excited when good things happen to us

What does it mean to have a relational self-construals?

Think of themselves as interdependence rather than independent.

Why do you think someone with rational self-construals make “good friends?”

Make better friends to bc interdependence 

What are qualities of someone who is highly relational

Think as themselves as interdependence rather than independent

Make better friends to be interdependence

Dark Traid traits

3 traits that promote bx that is arrogant, manipulative, exploitative, cold, and hostile

Narcissism: Unhealthy high self love

Machiavellianism: Lie for self interest, manipulative

Psychopathy: Disregard for others feelings, impulsive

Good at first at being friends but than become lousy

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Because they are focussed on the present instead of the future, elderly people seek quality not quantity in their close relationships 

Shyness and friendship

Second guess social situations (being judged) making interactions as unpleasant, can cause others to think the person is rude or stand offish (negative impressions) because the person is usually withdrawn when in conversation. Do not need formal training because they can interact fine when relaxed.

Loneliness and health

Depends on our own perceptions. Feeling of deprivation and dissatisfaction that emerges a discrepancy between the kind of social relations we want and the kind we have

2 types:

Social loneliness and emotional loneliness

Measuring

UCLA scale, isolation dose connections, social connections

Is correlated to health, higher blood pressure, over 50% more likely to die, weaker immune system

“The building blocks of love”

Intimacy- Feelings of warmth and understanding, cared for safe and protected

Passion- Traditional thought of the intensity, sexual piece, decide, could also be excitement or need not always sexual 

Commitment- Following through with someone

The different types of love

-Nonlove

Three components are all absent

Liking

When intimacy is high but passion and commitment are low

Infatuation

Passion, but no intimacy or commitment

empty love

Commitment without intimacy or passion

romantic love

A combination of intimacy and passion

Companionate love

Intimacy and commitment but little passion

Fatuous love

Passion and commitment in the absence of intimacy

How can physical arousal confuse actual feelings towards another person?

where the brain mistakenly links a heightened physiological state to attraction. This often happens because the bodily sensations for many emotions, such as fear, excitement, and attraction, are very similar.

Eros

Strong physical component (love at first sight)

Ludus

Treats love as an uncommitted game

Storge

Emphasizes friendship

Mania

Demanding and possessive

Agape

Altruistic, selfless, and dutiful (ex. children)

Pragma

Practical and logical (family goals)

Why does representative matter in terms of diversity of relationships?

idk

Public opinion on causal sex

The majority in the USA think it's acceptable, if it's affectionate and committed. Men do casual sex more

Extradyadic sex

sexual activity with someone other than a person's primary romantic partner

Open relationship (sex based)

Swingers (sex as couples)

Polyamory (2+ people in relationships)

What factors appear to have the most significant impact on sexual orientation

genetics and prenatal hormonal exposure, alongside social and environmental influences

Different motivations for sex

Physical motivations include the pursuit of pleasure and physical release, while emotional reasons often involve expressing love, intimacy, or coping with negative feelings. Goal-oriented motivations are diverse, ranging from practical objectives like improving sexual skills or reproductive purposes, to more social objectives like boosting self-esteem, gaining status, or manipulating a relationship.

illusion of unique invulnerability

Underestimate risks, “it won’t happen to me!”

Pluralistic ignorance

Thought that one night stands happen rarely or that condoms aren’t popular

Per self-determination theory, what are the three aspects that contribute towards sexual satisfaction

Sexual interactions are most rewarding when they fulfill basic needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness 

What do social scientists believe in terms of the universal benefits of marriage?

including the economic advantages of pooling resources and higher living standards, increased social support, and partners encouraging healthier behaviors, such as better diet, exercise, and reduced substance use. The institution of marriage can also provide a sense of security and "enforceable trust,"

Rejection appears to impact us. Does it appear to matter much in terms of degree?

No, all hurts us the same

Relational value

The degree to which others consider their relationships with us to be valuable and important

maximal inclusion versus maximal exclusion

MI- People are eager to be with us

ME- Actively excluded from people, activities, etc

Self-esteem and jealously

Self esteem increases with acceptance, and decreases with rejection. Lower self esteem is correlated with jealousy

Unhappy combination of hurt, anger, fear, a potential lost of a valued relationship to a rival. 

Reactive jealousy: A active threat Ex. you know someone likes your husband who works with him but they have to work together 

Suspicious Jealousy: Think they are acting out of the normal, you will be dropped you think. 

Reasons people lie

Self serving

Lie to help others

Benevolent lies (nice lies)

What tends to happen in relationships in which one lies?

Satisfaction goes down, the trust is broken hard to get over.

Betrayal

-who seeks vengeance

-who is more likely to engage in it

Forgiveness and personality factors

need to do