Chapter 22: Lifespan Development

Lifespan development

The series of changes in physical, mental, and social characteristics that occur throughout a person’s life.

Growth

An increase in physical size or body mass.

Development

The progression of physical, emotional, intellectual, and social capabilities.

Infancy

The stage of life from birth to 1 year marked by rapid physical and sensory development.

Toddler

A child between 1 and 3 years who is developing mobility, language, and independence.

Preschool age

Children aged 3 to 5 years who develop social and motor skills and start formal learning.

School-age child

A child from 6 to 12 years who experiences steady growth and advances in reasoning and learning.

Adolescence

The transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, typically 13 to 18 years, marked by puberty and identity formation.

Puberty

The period during which the reproductive system matures and secondary sex characteristics develop.

Young adulthood

The stage from approximately 19 to 40 years characterized by career development and forming relationships.

Middle adulthood

The stage from about 40 to 65 years marked by career maturity, aging signs, and often caregiving responsibilities.

Older adulthood (late adulthood)

Age 65 and older, marked by retirement, possible health challenges, and life reflection.

Gerontology

The study of the aging process and issues affecting older individuals.

Geriatrics

The branch of medicine focusing on health care for older adults.

Menopause

The natural end of menstruation and fertility in women, usually occurring between ages 45 and 55.

Andropause

Age-related changes in male hormone levels, often involving a gradual decline in testosterone.

Aging

The natural and gradual decline of physical and sometimes cognitive functions over time.

Longevity

The length or duration of a person’s life.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Cognitive development

The changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and intelligence throughout life.

Emotional development

The process of learning to recognize and manage feelings and emotions.

Social development

The process of learning how to interact and build relationships with others.

Cognitive decline

A decrease in mental abilities such as memory and decision-making, often associated with aging.

Dementia

A progressive decline in cognitive function, often including memory loss and impaired judgment.

Alzheimer’s disease

A degenerative brain disorder that leads to memory loss, confusion, and personality changes.

Depression in aging

A common mental health concern in older adults, often related to isolation, loss, or illness.

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

Basic tasks such as bathing, dressing, eating, and toileting that are necessary for self-care.

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

More complex tasks like managing finances, medications, and transportation.

Elder abuse

Harm or neglect of older adults, which can be physical, emotional, or financial.

Hospice care

End-of-life care focusing on comfort and quality of life rather than curative treatment.

Palliative care

Care aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life in serious illness, regardless of age or stage.

Death

The permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain life.

Grief

The emotional response to loss, especially the death of a loved one.

Bereavement

The period of mourning and adjustment after a loss.