prelim 2 - ethnopharmacology & natural products

Is the sum of knowledge based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences of indigenous people with different cultures used in the maintenance of health

Traditional medicine

Organization that recognizes the diversity of traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine practices across countries of the world

World Health Organization (WHO)

Declaration that acknowledges the need to include traditional medicine knowledge and technologies in the delivery of primary health care

2018 Declaration of Astana

Is anything that is produced by life, and includes biotic materials, bio-based materials, bodily fluids, and other natural materials that were once found in living organisms

Natural products

Any organic compound that is synthesized by a living organism

Natural products

__________ is accepted as a treatment for malaria in the 17th century

Cinchona

It is a highly diversified approach to drug discovery that involves the observation, description, and experimental investigation of indigenous drugs

Ethnopharmacology

Scientific study of materials used by ethnic and cultural groups as medicines

Ethnopharmacology

An interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man

Ethnopharmacology

Word that means race or culture

Ethno

Word that means people, nation, class, caste, or tribe

Ethnos

Word that refers to several people accustomed to live together

Ethnic

Term introduced by John Harshberger in 1896 and is defined as the “study of plants used by humans”

Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany is a term introduced by __________ in 1896 and is defined as the “study of plants used by humans”

John Harshberger

Studies the relationship between humans and plants in all its complexity

Ethnobotany

A comparative study of how different cultures view disease and how they treat or prevent it; study of the medical beliefs and practices of indigenous cultures

Ethnomedicine

Term coined by Martine in 1995; discipline which integrates and encompasses all studies that describe local people’s interaction with the natural environment

Ethnoecology

Ethnoecology is a term coined by __________ in 1995

Martine

Common knowledge in the population as a whole, largely concerning remedies for minor conditions, based on relatively innocuous material

Folklore

Knowledge of few specialists who are regarded by society as able to diagnose and treat disease states correctly, generally using more potent products

Ethnopharmacology

Refers to research of natural products chemistry/pharmaceutical science

Ethnopharmacological research

The process of __________ typically beings with a botanist, ethnopharmacologist, ethnobotanist, or plant ecologists, who collects and identifies plants of interest

Drug development

It aims to validate traditional preparations, either through the isolation of active substances or through various pharmacological findings

Ethnopharmacology

__________ for herbal drugs address every aspect, from their cultivation in the field to their preparation in different formulations

Good manufacturing practices (GMP)

Meaning of NDDS

Novel drug delivery system

Are advanced forms of herbal products that are better absorbed and utilized, and as a result, produce better effects than conventional herbal extracts

Phytosomes

Are isoenzymes that are predominantly present in the liver, but are also found in the intestine, lungs, kidneys, brain, etc.

Cytochrome P450 (CYPs)

Several isoforms, such as __________, __________, __________, and __________, appear to be most relevant for the metabolism of clinically significant drugs (CCCC)

CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4

Is a new field in life sciences that studies the interactions of different components within an organism to elucidate relevant physiological functions and behavior

Systems biology

The focus of this growing field is to investigate the dynamics of all genetic, regulatory, and metabolic processes in a cell

Systems biology

Systems biology approach is used for studying the activity of known targets as __________

Receptor-binding assays

____________ are the best combinatorial chemists still providing hidden secrets of their healing properties to relieve humanity from deadly diseases

Plants

Adhatoda vasica (Common name)

Vasaka (PH: Kutsay)

Albizia lebbeck (Common name)

Sirisa

Andrographis paniculata Wall. Ex Nees (Common name)

Kaalmegha (PH: Serpentina)

Baccopa monnieri (Linn.) (Common name)

Brahmi (PH: Ulasimang aso)

Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. (Common name)

Giant (PH: Kapok)

Cassia fistula Linn (Common name)

Aragwadha (Golden shower tree)

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Common name)

Taloangi

Cucurma longa Linn. (Common name)

Haridra (PH: Turmeric)

Diospyros cordifolia Robx. (Common name)

Kamagong bundok

Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Parts used)

Leaves

Albizia lebbeck (Parts used)

Stem bark

Andrographis paniculata (Parts used)

Aerial part

Bacopa monnieri (Parts used)

Dried whole part

Cassia fistula (Parts used)

Pods, bark, roots

Curculigo orchioides (Parts used)

Rhizome

Calotropis procera (Parts used)

Milk weed

Cucurma longa (Parts used)

Rhizome

Diospyros cordifolia (Parts used)

Stem bark

Adhatoda vasica (Constituent)

Vasicine

Albizia lebbeck (Constituent)

Catechin, Albizia saponins

Andrographis paniculata (Constituent)

Andrographolide

Calotropis procera (Constituent)

Quercetin

Curculigo orchioides (Constituent)

Curcligoside A

Cassia fistula (Constituent)

Sennosides

Cucurma longa (Constituent)

Curcumin

Diospyros cordifolia (Constituent)

Ursolic acid

Adhatoda vasica (Use)

Anti asthmatic, Bronchodilator

Diospyros cordifolia (Constituent)

Ursolic acid

Bacopa monnieri (Constituent)

Bacoside

Albizia lebbeck (Use)

Antiallergic, Antitussive

Andrographica paniculata (Use)

Hepatoprotective

Bacopa monnieri (Use)

Memory enhancer, Antiasthmatic

Calotropis procera (Use)

Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant

Cassia fistula (Use)

Laxative, Analgesic, Liver disorders, Purgative

Curculigo orchioides (Use)

Antiallergic, Mast cell stabilizer

Cucurma longa (Use)

Anti-inflammatory

Diospyros cordifolia (Use)

Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant activity