Prelims

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The Pleistocene epoch

Also known as the last ice age, it lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago and was marked by the expansion of ice sheets and glaciers.

• auroch

• smilodon

• wooly mammoth

• wooly rhino

• irish elk

• tarpan

• dire wolf

• short faced bear

• deinotherium

The 9 Pleistocene Animals

1. Protein constraint

2. Very large prey

3. Prime adults

4. Extinction of large pre

5. Fatty parts

6. Complex weapons

7. Improved tracking

8. Brain expansion

9. Adaption to hunting smaller prey

10. Decline to prey

11. Transition to agriculture

The cycle of agriculture (11)

The Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

• crops

  • potato

  • corn

  • beans

  • squash

  • tomato

  • peanut

  • cassava

  • avocado

  • sweet potato

  • peppers

  • pineapple

  • pumpkin

• livestock/animals

  • turkey

• others

  • tobacco

  • cacao bean

  • vanilla

  • quinine (a treat for malaria)

North America to Europe and Asia

Asia to

• disease

  • smallpox

  • influenza

  • typhus

  • measles

  • malaria

  • diptheria

  • whooping cough

• livestock/animals

  • cattle

  • sheep

  • pig

  • horse

  • honeybee

• grains

  • wheat

  • rice

  • barley

  • oats

• citrus fruits

• peach

• pear

• coffee bean

• grape

• turnip

• onion

• sugar cane

• banana

• olive

Europe and Asia to North America

• Dog (20,000 BC)

• Sheep (8500 BC)

• Cat (8500 BC)

• Pig (7000 BC)

• Cow (7000 BC)

• Chicken (6000 BC)

• Horse (3600 BC)

domestication of animals timeline

dog

the first animal domesticated, possibly in EURASIA, during PALAEOLITHIC

sheep

the first hoofeed animal domesticated in MIDDLE EAST

cat

Domesticated in the FERTILE CRESCENT in the NEOLITHIC period

pig

domesticated independently in both the MIDDLE EAST and CENTRAL CHINA

cow

domesticated independently in the MIDDLE EAST, INDUS VALLEY, and EASTERN SAHARA

chicken

domesticated from the wild red junglefowl in ASIA

horse

domesticated from wild specis in KAZAKHSTAN

1. pharaoh

2. scribe/nomarch

3. merchant/potter

4. farmer/slave

the pyramid of society

Increasing Collective Learning → innovation increasing ability to manipulate and extract resources from environment and other organisms.

ingredients of threshold 7

Human communities sharing information needed to manipulate their surroundings in new ways.

structure of threshold 7

Long preceding period of Collective Learning; warmer climates; popuation pressure.

goldilocks condition of threshold 7

Increased capacity of humans to extract energy and food → larger, denser communities → increased social complexity → accelerating Collective Learning.

structure of threshold 7

agrarian civilization

as societies that began with simple farming and became more complex as food production increased

• New Social and Political structures

• Hierarchies

• Power relations

• Business and Trade

• Monetary System

• Religion

• Architecture

• Writing

terms in agrarian civilization

1. pharaoh

2. government officials

   1. vizier

   2. priest

   3. noble

3. soldiers

4. scribes

5. merchants

6. craftsmen

7. peasants

8. slaves

egyptian social pyramid

social stratification

refers to the ranking of members of a society in groups on the basis of their status.

1. power

2. economic resources

3. prestige

4. occupation

5. caste

6. education

Determinants of Social stratification

power

The degree to which a person can control other people.

Economic resources

The level of income from all resources is an important indicator of one’s place in society.

Prestige

The degree of respect, favorable regard or importance accorded to an individual by members of society

Occupation

High class professionals include big businessmen, industrialists, landlords and high class government and semi-government officials.

Caste

It is permanent, having its status ascribed as birth

Education

The standard of education also determines a social class

• Social structures hold certain groups in ranked order and where it is difficult, if not impossible, to change that order.

• Where people rank in stratification system influences every part of their lives in profound ways

Characteristics of Stratification Systems

1. slavery

2. caste

3. class

Systems of Stratification

slavery

Ownership of certain people.

caste

Characterized by hereditary status.

class

Positions based on economics.

1. ascribed status

2. achieved status

types of social status

Ascribed Status

The social class position allocated to an individual by society as a result of factors over which the individual has no control.

Achieved Status

The social class position which an individual acquires as a result of his/her own activities.

Social Mobility

is the movement of people up or down the stratification system. It can also be defined as the act of moving from one social class to another. Class systems allow for more movement than slave or caste systems. It is quite difficult to achieve this upward.

1. Territorial Mobility

2. Vertical Mobility

3. Horizontal Mobility

Types of Social Mobility

Territorial Mobility

It is the change of residence from one place to another.

Vertical Mobility

Refers to a major movement up or down in social class position.

Horizontal Mobility

Refers to movement within a social class. In general, there is no overall change in the social class status of an individual involved.

• Karl Marx was very interested in class relations in capitalist societies

• Class was determined solely by one’s relation to the means of production.

  • Proletariat and bourgeoisie

  • Group membership utterly determined life chances

MARX AND CLASS CONFLICT

• Functionalist theorists attempt to understand what role inequality plays in keeping society at equilibrium.

• David and Moore (1945) argued that stratification benefited society by ensuring that the most important roles would be filled by the most talented and worthy people.

Functionalist Approaches

David and Moore (1945)

They argued that stratification benefited society by ensuring that the most important roles would be filled by the most talented and worthy people.

• Sociologists have many empirical explanations for poverty, but by and large they all fall under one of two themes:

  • Blaming the victim

  • Blaming the system

Explanations for poverty

• Social welfare systems

• Homelessness

• Lack of basic medical care

• Educational segregation

• People turn to non-conventional means to make money.

POVERTY AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

• life

• commitment

farming is a way of ____, a lifelong _____

Laudato Si (Chapter one: What is happening to Our Common Home)

• Stresses that “climate change is a global problem with grave implications: environmental, social, economic, political and for the distribution of goods” and laments that the poor (who are least responsible for causing the problem) are disproportionately vulnerable to its harmful effects.

• Challenges those, that in the face of ecological degradation, would “blame population growth instead of extreme and selective consumerism”.

Laudato Si (Chapter Two: The Gospel of Creation)

• Humans are uniquely created and called to exercise responsible stewardship over creation on behalf of the loving Creator.

• Perhaps most fundamentally, the Pope emphasizes that environmental harm is caused by sin understood as broken relationships “with God, with our neighbor and with the earth itself”. These relationships are broken in part because humans “presume to take the place of God and refuse to acknowledge our creaturely limitations” – a dynamic that causes us to mistake God’s command for humans to “have dominion” over creation (Genesis 1:28) as exploitative license rather than a vocation to “cultivate and care for” God’s good gift of creation (Genesis 2:15; Ibid.).

Laudato Si (Chapter Three: The Human Roots of the Ecological Crisis)

• Points out that anthropocentricism devalues creation and leads to “practical relativism”, which values creation only to the extent that it is useful to humans.

• Criticizes the “technocratic paradigm” which “accepts every advance in technology with a view to profit, without concern for its potentially negative impact on human beings” and wherein “finance overwhelms the real economy” of human flourishing.

pále

when it’s un-milled grain

abias

once it’s milled

nasi

when it’s already cooked

dayat

the old Kapampangan word for irrigated farm lands

talubu

rice stalk that’s about to bear spikes of grain

gugut

a word for the soft grain of blooming rice

gupgup”

the chaff after threshing which is blown by the wind

binglad

the broken grains left after pounding

tapong

rice flour

dara

is to thresh the grains with the feet

Angli

is to unhull the grains by toasting

yapyap

is to winnow rice with an “igo” or “bilao” (flat-bottomed basket)

balusbus

is to tilt this basket to allow the grains to fall so that the wind can blow away the chaff.

Unyab

is to wash the rice before cooking

tun

is to boil it

curan

The pot for boiling rice while the pot for cooking viand is “balanga.

bangasi

which is a beverage made from toasted rice

lelut

or gruel

suman

or glutinous rice wrapped in leaves

“angit” or “inangit”

which is a mixture of lacatan and sugar

pupul

which is rice flour rubbed on the face to prevent sunburn

kiping

which is a pancake made from pound rice cooked brittle

Singlé

is the word Kapampangans use for fried rice

Alpa

is badly cooked rice because of too much water

gagto

is undercooked rice because of too little water

Langnis

is overcooked rice

Tutung,” “alitungtung” and “tangpus”

all mean burnt, charred or blackened rice

MALMAL

Ancient Kapampangans ate rice by forming balls of it with their bare hands

• INCREASING POPULATION

• INNOVATION

• SPECIALIZATION

• COMPLEX SOCIETIES

COLLECTIVE LEARNING AS A THRESHOLD (4)