respiratory system anatomy and volumes

ventilation

movement or air in and out of lungs

external respiration

gas exchange between air in the lungs and the blood

gas transport

blood carries gasses

internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissue

cell metabolism

use of O2 by cell, production of CO2 (byproduct)

ciliated mucous membranes

this type of membrane lines all airways and secretes mucous to moisten air as it comes in and reduce the amount of water exhaled; protects by mucous catching microbes that move them to digestive tract

tar exposure destroys cilia and creates more particles to deal with, overall reduces the ability to deal with particles coming in the airways

what effect does smoking have on the cilia?

filters out bacteria, dust, etc; warms and moistens air; highly vascular (drugs good access to bloodstream), olfaction

functions of the nose

pharynx

muscular tube lined by mucous that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx; both food and drink passes through

nasopharynx

pharynx continuous with the nasal cavity, superior to the oral cavity, pharyngotympanic tube originates here

oropharynx

pharynx continues with oral cavities and is lined by the tonsils; separates nasopharynx by soft palate and uvula; prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

laryngopharynx

naso and oropharynx join to form this

larynx

muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane, supported by cartilage, only gets air; VOICE BOX

glottis

opening to laryngopharynx, cartilage

epiglottis

covers glottis during swallowing

cough!

if anything but air enters the larynx we…

vestibular folds

found in the larynx, prevent food from entering and prevent air from leaving when holding breath

vocal cords

bands of connective tissue stretching across the upper opening of the larynx, vibrate during exhalation

length & tension of cords; longer-lower pitch tighter-higher pitch

pitch is related by…

trachea

muscular tube lined by mucous membrane and supported by hyaline cartilage; connects larynx to lungs

relaxes muscle for dilation to get more air in

SNS activity on the bronchial tree

contracts muscle to constrict and limit air

PNS activity on bronchial tree

alveolar duct

last passageway before the alveoli

alveoli

responsible for gas exchange

type I pneumocytes

made up of squamous epithelium and lines the alveoli

type II pneumocytes

found in the alveoli and secrete surfactant

yes for protection

are there macrophages in the alveoli?

closer to the ribs

the parietal pleura is found

closer to the lungs

the visceral pleura is found

pleural cavity

space between the parietal and visceral pleura that is filled with fluid to reduce friction with moving lungs

if the pressure raises too high it could cause a collapsed lung (pneumothorax)

why must pressure of the pleural cavity stay less than the lungs?

tidal volume (TV)

normal in/out with each breath

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

full forced inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

full forced expiration

residual volume

amount of air in the lungs that you can’t push out—helps maintain pressure so that the lungs dont collapse

inspiratory capacity (IC)

the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the end of a normal, quiet expiration; IRV +TV

functional residual capacity (FRC)

the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, passive exhalation; ERV+RV

Vital capacity (VC)

total moveable amount of air that is in the lungs; IRV+TV+ERV

Total lung capacity (TLC)

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold at the end of a full inspiration; VC+RV

L of air/m (TVxRR)

ventilation equation