Communication Models, Theories, and Self-Concept

Sender/Receiver (S/R)

The roles of the sender and receiver in communication, emphasizing the importance of both parties in the exchange of messages.

Message

The content being communicated, which can be verbal or non-verbal (V and NV).

Channels

The mediums through which messages are transmitted, such as face-to-face, written, or digital.

Noise

Any interference that distorts or disrupts the message.

Physiological/Internal Noise

A type of noise that originates from within the communicator, affecting message clarity.

Physical Noise

External environmental factors that interfere with communication.

Semantic Noise

Misunderstandings that arise from the meanings of words or phrases.

Cultural Noise

Interference that occurs due to cultural differences in understanding.

Context

The environment or situation in which communication occurs, influencing message interpretation.

Feedback

The responses from the receiver back to the sender, crucial for effective communication.

Three Tenets of Transactional Communication

1. Communication is a process. 2. It is irreversible. 3. It is a relational process.

Participation is continuous and simultaneous

Indicates that communication involves ongoing interaction between participants.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication that occurs within an individual.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two or more individuals.

Small Group Communication

Communication that occurs within a small group of people.

Public Communication

Communication directed at a large audience.

Mass Communication

Communication that is disseminated to a large audience through various media.

Intercultural Communication

Communication that occurs between individuals from different cultures.

Definition of Communication

Any process in which people use symbols, verbally and/or nonverbally, consciously or unconsciously, intentionally or unintentionally, to generate meanings across various contexts, cultures, channels, and media.

Importance of Effective Communication

Effective communication is essential in personal, academic, and professional contexts.

Self-Concept

Perception of oneself, shaped by experiences and interactions.

Reflected Appraisals

How others perceive and respond to us influences self-concept.

Social Comparisons

Evaluating oneself against others.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Expectations influencing behavior to make beliefs come true.

Perceptual Filters

Biases and experiences shaping interpretation of information.

Techniques to Improve Self-Concept

Positive self-talk, constructive criticism, setting achievable goals.

Role of Communication in Self-Concept

Effective communication enhances self-concept.

Speech Anxiety

Nervousness or fear associated with public speaking.

Best Practices for Speech Anxiety

Deep breathing, visualization, practice.

Importance of Preparation

Reduces anxiety and improves performance.

Characteristics of Good Delivery

Conversational quality, attentiveness, immediacy, directness (natural and straightforward).

Impromptu Speech

A type of speech delivery that is delivered without preparation.

Speaking from a Manuscript

Reading a speech verbatim from a written document.

Speaking from Memory

Reciting a speech entirely from memory without notes.

Extemporaneous Speaking

Speaking from notes or an outline with visual aids that supplement the speech, not distract.

Selecting a Topic

Choose a relevant and engaging topic.

Narrowing the Topic

Refine a broad topic into a specific focus.

General Purpose of a Speech

To inform, persuade, or entertain.

Specific Purpose

Phrase indicating expected achievement.

Central Idea

Concise summary of the main point.

Analyzing the Audience

Understanding knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and demographics.

Research Practices

Importance of credible sources.

Structure of Speeches

Includes introduction, body, and conclusion.

Transitions in Speeches

Smoothly moving between points.

Reference List

Cite 3-5 sources orally.

Visual Aids

Enhance understanding and retention.

Conclusion of a Speech

Signal the end, restate points, re-engage audience (quote, inspiration).

Emotional Intelligence

Recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions.

Components of Emotional Intelligence

Self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating yourself, recognizing emotions in others, handling relationships.

Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Communication

Enhances interpersonal relationships.

Motives for Contact

Pleasure, relaxation, affection, control, health, inclusion, escape.

Johari Window

A model for self-disclosure consisting of open, blind, hidden, and unknown areas.

The Art of Small Talk

Casual conversation to build rapport.

Importance of Small Talk

Social lubricant easing interactions.

Techniques for Small Talk

Asking open-ended questions, maintaining conversation.

Cultural Variations in Small Talk

Differences in small talk across cultures.