UNIT 3: CH7 CIRCULATION: THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS POWERPOINT SLIDES
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96 Terms
What’s the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports blood to and from tissues
What circuit is the site of external respiration
pulmonary circuit
which circuit is the site of internal respiration
Systemic circuit
What organs are included int he cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What is an artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body.
What is an arterioles?
a very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs
what is a capillary?
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
what is a capillary bed?
a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrients.
what is a venule?
a small vein.
what is a vein?
any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.
What does the heart do?
generates pressure to circular blood
what do the blood vessels do?
transports blood, regulates blood pressure, exchange
The heart is composed of mycardium, which is also known as ______________?
cardiac muscle
What is the pericardium
Heart sack that sits around heart and prevents friction
(serous membrane)
what is the endocardium?
the innermost layer of the heart and lines the chambers and extends over projecting structures such as the valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.
What is the smooth lining of the endocardium called?
Endothelium?
What does the endothelium do?
The innermost layer of the endocardium, made up of specialized endothelial cells that line the heart chambers and create a smooth surface for blood to flow. The endothelium controls the exchange of materials between the bloodstream and the heart muscles.
The heart has how many chambers?
Four
how many atria are there in the hear?
two
what is an atria in the heart?
smaller, thin walled chambers that sit on top of the thick walled muscular ventricles. ( Left atrium over left ventricle and vice versa)
what is the function of the atria in the heart?
Receive blood from large veins, serve as holding tanks for blood after it returns from the body or lungs, then direct the blood into the ventricles.
what is the function of the right ventricle?
push blood out to the nearby lungs
How many ventricles does the heart have?
two ventricles
how many total valves are there in the heart?
four total valves
how many atrioventricular vales are there, and what are their names?
2, tricuspid ( 3 cusps) and bicuspid ( 2 cusps)
what supports the atrioventricular vales, ( tri/bi-cuspid valves)
Attached to PAPILLARY muscles with CHORDAE TENDINAE
what does the chordae tendineae attach to?
papillary muscles
how many semilunar valves are there? (Half moon shaped), name them aswell
2; pulmonary semilunar valve - between Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, AND Aortic semilunar valve - between left ventricle and Aorta.
When pressure is GREATER in the FRONT of the valve, it ______?
CLOSES
When Pressure is GREATER BEHIND the valve, it ____________?
OPENS
Where does blood enter?
the right atrium
where does blood enter the right atrium?
from the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium
where does blood go after it enters the right atrium?
blood drops through the tricuspid/atrioventricular valve to right ventricle - which then pumps blood to lungs
where does blood go once it reaches the lungs?
it returns to the left atrium
where does blood enter the left ventricle?
drops through the bicuspid (mitral)/atrioventricular valves to left ventricle - pumps blood to the body
Define heartbeat
one cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers
How many steps in the cardiac cycle?
3 major steps
what is the “lub” sound referring to?
the closing of the mitral valves and tricuspid valves
what is the “dub” sound referring to?
the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
how many liters of blood does your heart pump every 60 seconds?
about 5 liters/ventricle
list the 6 steps of blood flow throughout the cardiovascular system, starting with vena cava, ending with exiting aorta.
enter vena cava
enter right atrium
through valve into right ventricle
shipped off to lungs to become oxygenated
shipped to left atrium
dropped down to left ventricle through valve and out the body to the aorta
what is systolic blood pressure
pressure exerted when blood is ejected into arteries THROUGH HEART CONTRACTION, normal blood systolic pressure is 120 mmHgs
what is diastolic blood pressure
pressure blood exerts within arteries between heartbeats ( HEART RELAXATION ). normal diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg
What is the function of the Sinoatrial ( SA ) node?
upper wall of the right atrium - Pacemaker
where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located and whats its function?
base of the right atrium, carries electrical signals throughout the cardiac muscle.
what is an extrinsic controls?
modulate the baseline rate to meet the body’s immediate demands - may override the intrinsic controls
what is an example of an extrinsic control?
medulla oblongata - resides in the cardiac control center, can override the intrinsic heartbeat, increasing or decreasing as needed.
what is an example of a sympathetic extrinsic control?
Ventricular myocardium → stroke volume
what does an electrocardiogram measure?
measures the electric charge of the cardiac cells, contraction due to depolarization and relaxation due to cell repolarization
What happens during the P wave
SA node fires, causing atrial cell depolarization
What happens during the QRS complex
created by the simultaneous depolarization of ventricular cells
What happens during the T Wave
ventricle cells relax and repolarize, making the return to diastole
What happens during the P-R Interval
from atrial depolarization to ventricle depolarization
What happens during the Q-T interval
total time of ventricular contraction and relaxation
Cell action phases ( Ionically) (1-5)
Rapid depolarization
small repolarizaiton
plateau
repolarization
resting potential
where is blood pressure highest
arteries ( aorta )
where is blood pressure lowest?
veins ( Inferior vena cava )
where is blood flow the fastest?
Arteries, such as the aorta
where is blood flow the slowest?
capillaries - takes time for nutrients to diffuse and wastes to exchange
how many layers do arteries have? Name them and their function and where they are located
3 main layers,
outer layer(CT-Collagen)
middle layer ( Smooth muscle and elastin )
inner layer ( endothelium = simple squamous)
what is a pulse?
surge of blood flow
how many layers in an arteriole? name them and their location
two layers,
Inner - endothelium
outer - smooth muscle
what is the function of an arteriole?
regulates blood pressure - dilates and constricts
what is the function of a capillary?
diffuse fluids and solutes across the porous walls.
Some capillary beds are only open at a certain time. List an example:
Eating
What is a precapilary sphincter?
A ring of smooth muscle around the outside of capilaries that limits the flow of blood
how does a venule function?
are small blood vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries and transport it to veins:
how many layers does a vein have? Name them, their location, and what they are made out of
3 layers,
outter layer of connective tissue
middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
inner layer of endothelium
what is vasodialation?
Widening of blood vessels
what is vasoconstriction?
constriction of blood vessels
what is the baroreceptor reflex
keeps blood pressure within normal limits in the face of sudden changes
where are baroreceptors Found?
found in the carotid arteries in the neck and in the arch of the aorta
explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit?
to, through, and from lungs, exchange CO2 for O2 in the lungs; SITE OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
explain the flow of blood through the systemic circuit?
to body’s tissues, brings this O2 and nutrients to tissues, removes CO2 and wastes; SITE OF INTERNAL RESPIRATION
what is the function of the mesenteric artery?
carries O2 rich blood to the small intestine; - Nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood is then sent through the hepatic portal vein to the liver before being returned to the heart through the hepatic vein)
what is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
carry blood from the digestive organs like the stomach, intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen directly to the liver
what is a portal vein?
a blood vessel that carries blood from many organs in your abdomen (belly) to your liver
what is a hepatic vein?
a group of blood vessels that drain deoxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava (IVC)
what are risks factors of cardiovascular disease?
genetic risk factors and environmental risk factors
what is hypertension?
High blood pressure, causes leaky capillaries, internal bruising, and strokes
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what is embolus?
dislodged clot floats into other organ and blocks blood flow
what is a stroke?
embolism in the brain ( blood clot that traveled to the brain)
what is an aneurysm?
occurs when a vessel wall “balloons” under pressure, weak spot in vessel, usually fatal
what is a heart attack caused by?
lack of O2 to cardiac muscle, for example, a coronary artery blockage, long term blockage in the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen, causing muscle failure.
what is an Angina?
a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart
what are the two types of an angina and what is the difference?
stable vs unstable angina, stable occurs upon strenuous activity, unstable occurs without apparent stimulus
what is congestive heart failure?
weak and ineffective pump, allows fluid to back up and leak into the lungs, basically you drown from the inside out
what are varicose veins?
distensions of venous walls near valves
what are spider veins
involve VENULES, not veins, surface venules fill with blood but do not empty
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Which vein sends nutrient rich and oxygen poor blood to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
after blood is processed in the liver, which vein returns it to the heart?
Hepatic vein