Deforestation and Fishing Flashcards

Flashcards about Deforestation, Afforestation, and Fishing Industry in Pakistan.

Deforestation

Clearing forests, which causes degeneration and destruction of the environment.

Effects of Deforestation on Environment

Causes more pollution, habitat loss, and eventual extinction of species.

Effects of Deforestation on Climate

Increases aridity due to low rainfall and less evapotranspiration, leading to lower crop yields.

Effects of Deforestation on Surface Runoff

Causes floods in low-lying areas, damaging crops and properties, can also lead to starvation.

Afforestation

Projects include the Tabela Mangla watershed management project and Rachna Doab Afforestation Project.

Sustainable Forest Resource Management

Trees must not be cut down at a rate faster than they can be replaced; every tree cut down must be replaced with a sapling.

Reforestation

Planting trees on a large scale in deforested areas or regenerating deforested areas.

Afforestation

Planting trees on fresh/new areas in order to increase the area under forests.

Protection Forests

One third of Pakistan's forests; mainly planted by people and are linear with little commercial value.

Productive Forests

One third of Pakistan's forests; mainly natural forests with great commercial value, used for timber extraction.

Mangrove Forests Locations

Coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan (Deltaic regions).

Causes of Deforestation

Firewood use, trampling and uncontrolled grazing by cattle, growth of cities, development of mines, and construction of dams.

Functions of Forests (Environmentally)

Regulate water supply, prevent soil erosion, and provide natural habitat for wildlife.

Functions of Forests (Economically)

Used for extraction of timber and other products. Some have little commercial value because they are not valuable timber species.

Threats to Mangrove Forests

Construction of dams & barrages reducing water inflow to coastal areas, and sea water pollution.

Conservation of Mangrove Forests

Planting mangrove trees and developing mangrove nurseries with the help of NGOs and international organizations like IUCN.

Ecological Importance of Mangrove Forests

Provide a resting and nursery area for shrimps, crabs, and fish. Fallen leaves give rise to a fertile habitat.

Mangrove Adaptation to Salt Water

Salt-tolerant internal tissues, roots filter out most of the salt, and excess salt is excreted onto the surfaces of the leaves.

Environmental Importance of Forests

Check pollution, clean the environment, and ensure food supply by protecting soil fertility.

Lakes for Inland Farming Examples

Manchar Lake, Kali Lake, Haleji Lake, Reservoirs of Mangla and Tarbela Dams, Indus River at Sukkur, Kotri and Thatta.

Fish Farm

A man-made pond that is constructed for fish raising.

Fish Farm Main Features

Different shapes, cemented base to avoid leakage, edges of solidified mud, trees planted for oxygen and cooling.

Fish Processing

Scaling, gutting, salting, and refrigerating.

Inland Fish Species Examples

Mahaseer, Rahu, Palla, Trout, Thaila, Grass Carp, Silver Carp.

Marine Fish Examples

Sharks, Drums, Croakers, Skates, Catfish, Rays.

Fishing in Pakistan - Sindh Coast

Highly developed, covers 30% of coastline, main fishing port is Karachi, wider continental shelf, better export/processing facilities.

Fishing in Pakistan - Makran Coast

Less developed, covers 70% of coastline, has many small fishing ports, narrow continental shelf, lacks processing/refrigeration facilities.

Fishing Industry Problems

Pollutants in Karachi's fish harbor, dangerous substances in marine life, overfishing, threats to mangroves, lack of financial resources.

Sustaining the Fishing Industry

Government should consider these factors: avoid overfishing, maintain sustainable fish population, implement laws banning illegal nets.

Subsistence Marine Fishing

Done for personal use, small scale, limited catch, shallow sea water, simple tools.

Commercial Marine Fishing

Done to maximize profit, large scale, deep sea water, modern tools & technology.

Inland Fishing

Done in rivers, lakes, man-made ponds and reservoirs of dams.

Marine Fishing

Done in sea water.

Two Categories of Marketed Goods

Goods in raw state and processed goods (value-added goods).

Inland Fishing Locations

Practiced in almost all Pakistan's rivers and lakes, large reservoirs behind dams, lakes of Sindh, and abandoned river or irrigation channels.