Studied by 1 person
Dairy/Beef Cattle & Companion Animals
Pillars of sustainability
Social, Economic, Environmental
What’s a domesticated animal
Underhuman control
Adapted to human life
thrive/reproduce in confinement
Dependent upon humans
Most significant advancement for civilization
transportation or medical research/purposes
Roles of animals in society
Fiber and food source
Provide value to land that cannot be cultivated
working animals and championship
research and development
Contemporary issues in animal agriculture
Sustainability
Animal Welfare
Labor management
Antibiotic Use/Resistance
Global food demand and food security
Trade/Regulation
Consumer Perception
One Health
What is sustainability?
a system that balances plant and animal production systems over a long period of tim eto produce a profitable income
Consumer expenditures on food
Low income countries spend a greater proportion of their budget on food than those in higher income countries
Percent budget spent on food in Africa and SE Asia
>40%
Percent budget spent on food in Latin American countries
~22%
Percent budget spent on food in US, Canada, and European countries
<10%
Greatest to least in type of meat produced globally
Poultry > pig meat > beef and buffalo > sheep and goat (not as much in US but starting to change) > camel > horse > wild game
US per capita meat consumption
~224 lbs
US per capita egg consumption
~280
What is happening to the projected consumption of poultry, pork, and beef?
Poultry and pork are projected to increase, beef is projected to plateau
What is happening to milk consumption?
Milk consumption in dairy products is increasing but fluid milk consumption is decreasing
Total cattle numbers (% live animals)
~89 million, 9.47 % of world
Beef production (% total meat from cattle produced)
~12.3 metric tons of beef, 20% of global production
How are we EFFICIENT in beef production?
10% global cattle numbers yet 20% of beef production
How are we harvesting cattle at heavier weights?
Increased weights
improved feed efficiency
Genetics and management
Cow milk production (% lbs of milk produced)
223 billion lbs, 18.96% of top 20
How are we getting more milk from dairy cows?
genetics
nutritional management
health management
Poultry bird numbers (total bird live animals)
1.61 billion birds
Total chicken meat production (% of chicken meat produced)
21.08 million metric tons, 20% of global production
Egg production
109.51 billion eggs
what is the US ranked for egg production?
#4
Total pig numbers (total live animal numbers)
74.4 million pigs/swine
What was the US ranked in pig numbers, and how does that compare to China?
US ranked #2, we’re 1/6 of China
Pork production (% of meat produced globally)
12.39 metric tons, 11% of global production
Total sheep numbers (total live animals)
~5 million head
What is the US ranked in sheep production
#52
Atom ➡ Organism
Atom (carbon, nitrogen) < molecule (CO2, glucose, amino acid) < macromolecule (DNA, protein (myosin)) < organelle (mitochondria, ribosomes) < cells (neuron, white blood cell) < tissue (muscle, connective) < organ (uterus, small intestine) < organ systems (reproductive, digestive) < organism (dog, pig)
What are the 11 organ systems?
reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, epithelial, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous
4 types of tissues
connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
What does epithelial tissue do/where is it?
lines the digestive and reproductive tract, reduces friction, absorbs and secrets
types of connective tissue
bone, blood, cartilage, lymphatic, and adipose
nervous tissue is key in what?
communication
types of muscle tissue
striated, smooth (involuntary), and cardiac
What does the Central Dogma theory state?
genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein
Who created the Central Dogma Theory?
Francis Crick
What is a ruminant?
mammal with a 4 chambered stomach
4 chambers of the stomach on ruminants
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
what does monogastric mean
one stomach
British Bos taurus facts
moderate size
maternal
types of british bos taurus
hereford, angus, red angus, shorthorn
What type of cow is this?
Angus
What type of cow is this?
Red Angus
What type of cow is this?
Shorthorn
What type of cow is this?
Hereford
continental bos taurus facts
growth rate
muscle (>lean/fat)
“terminal”
Types of continental bos taurus
Charolais, Limousin, Simmental, Gelbrieh
What type of cow is this?
Charolais
What type of cow is this?
Simmental
What type of cow is this?
Gelbrieh
What type of cow is this?
Limousin
Zebu bos indicus facts
heat tolerance
insect resistance
Types of zebu bos indicus
Brahman, Brahman crossbreeds (Brangus, Simbrah, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis)
What type of cow is this?
Brahman
What type of cow is this?
Beefmaster
How much does a typical cattle head cost
$44.92
Seedstock cow/calf operation
breeding stock, semen, embryos
Commercial cow/calf operation
calves destined for harvest
how big are herd sizes on average commercial cow/calf operations
~45
Stocker
grow weaned calves to heavier weights on cheap forages
Backgrounder
Group, acclimate, grow weaned calves before feedlot
Feedlot
calves fed high grain diets to harvest weights and conditions
packer/processor
harvest cattle
wholesaler/retailer
supply product to customers
what percentage of the cattle industry is family owned/operated?
96%
How many cows are there per cattle operation
44 cows
how many cattle industry operations are there?
880k operations
What does expansion mean
retain more heifers
What does contraction (liquidation mean)
sell cows and limit heifer retention
when is there the next projected liquidation?
2025
Top 5 US beef cow states
Texas
Oklahoma
Missouri
Nebraska
South Dakota
Kansas (#6)
Top 5 states with cattle on feed
Texas
Nebraska
Kansas
Iowa
Colorado
First half of 1900’s beef industry
small frames
early maturing, fat preferred
grown to make tallow
dwarfism
What breed of cow was dwarfism more prevelant in in the 1900’s?
hereford
1965 USDA Yield Grade
recognition of animal fat-muscle composition
1960’s on…
major continental importation
larger frame side
USDA Field grade system
When was Conoco chosen?
1969
Why was there controversy to Conoco being chosen
He was the first crossbred steer ever chosen for the International Livestock Show on Chicago
What crossbreed was Conoco?
Angus x Charolais
What is yield?
fat in relation to muscle of the carcass
How is yield chosen?
cutability and closely trimmed retail cuts
What is the scale for yield scale?
1=best, 5=worst
How is quality chosen?
eat characteristic, juicy, tender, flavor
What is the quality scale?
marbling (flex of fat in muscle) and age of animal (maturity)
What is the scale for quality?
Prime>choice>select>standard
What is a prime cut meat?
best/most marbling
What is choice cut meat?
average marbling
What is select cut meat
low marbling
What is standard cut meat?
no marbling
What is the average grade for meat cuts?
Choice, YG 3
Beef cow post pardum interval
82 days
How to calculate % calf crop?
# calves / # cows exposed to breeding
Yearly calving interval
1 calf/365 days
What does ADG stand for?
Average daily gain
Weaning weight for beef cattle
550-600 lbs
What weight do stocker and backgrounder lots get beef cattle to before they go to the feeedlot?
900 lbs
What is feed efficiency?
lbs feed per lb body weight
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Flashcard (22)