Exam 1

Dairy/Beef Cattle & Companion Animals

Pillars of sustainability

Pillars of sustainability

Social, Economic, Environmental

What’s a domesticated animal

1. Underhuman control

2. Adapted to human life

3. thrive/reproduce in confinement

4. Dependent upon humans

Most significant advancement for civilization

transportation or medical research/purposes

Roles of animals in society

1. Fiber and food source

2. Provide value to land that cannot be cultivated

3. working animals and championship

4. research and development

Contemporary issues in animal agriculture

1. Sustainability

2. Animal Welfare

3. Labor management

4. Antibiotic Use/Resistance

5. Global food demand and food security

6. Trade/Regulation

7. Consumer Perception

8. One Health

What is sustainability?

a system that balances plant and animal production systems over a long period of tim eto produce a profitable income

Consumer expenditures on food

Low income countries spend a greater proportion of their budget on food than those in higher income countries

Percent budget spent on food in Africa and SE Asia

>40%

Percent budget spent on food in Latin American countries

~22%

Percent budget spent on food in US, Canada, and European countries

<10%

Greatest to least in type of meat produced globally

Poultry > pig meat > beef and buffalo > sheep and goat (not as much in US but starting to change)  > camel > horse > wild game

US per capita meat consumption

~224 lbs

US per capita egg consumption

~280

What is happening to the projected consumption of poultry, pork, and beef?

Poultry and pork are projected to increase, beef is projected to plateau

What is happening to milk consumption?

Milk consumption in dairy products is increasing but fluid milk consumption is decreasing

Total cattle numbers (% live animals)

~89 million, 9.47 % of world

Beef production (% total meat from cattle produced)

~12.3 metric tons of beef, 20% of global production

How are we EFFICIENT in beef production?

10% global cattle numbers yet 20% of beef production

How are we harvesting cattle at heavier weights?

1. Increased weights

2. improved feed efficiency

3. Genetics and management

Cow milk production (% lbs of milk produced)

223 billion lbs, 18.96% of top 20

How are we getting more milk from dairy cows?

1. genetics

2. nutritional management

3. health management

Poultry bird numbers (total bird live animals)

1.61 billion birds

Total chicken meat production (% of chicken meat produced)

21.08 million metric tons, 20% of global production

Egg production

109.51 billion eggs

what is the US ranked for egg production?

#4

Total pig numbers (total live animal numbers)

74.4 million pigs/swine

What was the US ranked in pig numbers, and how does that compare to China?

US ranked #2, we’re 1/6 of China

Pork production (% of meat produced globally)

12.39 metric tons, 11% of global production

Total sheep numbers (total live animals)

~5 million head

What is the US ranked in sheep production

#52

Atom ➡ Organism

Atom (carbon, nitrogen) < molecule (CO2, glucose, amino acid) < macromolecule (DNA, protein (myosin)) < organelle (mitochondria, ribosomes) < cells (neuron, white blood cell) < tissue (muscle, connective) < organ (uterus, small intestine) < organ systems (reproductive, digestive) < organism (dog, pig)

What are the 11 organ systems?

reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, epithelial, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous

4 types of tissues

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

What does epithelial tissue do/where is it?

lines the digestive and reproductive tract, reduces friction, absorbs and secrets

types of connective tissue

bone, blood, cartilage, lymphatic, and adipose

nervous tissue is key in what?

communication

types of muscle tissue

striated, smooth (involuntary), and cardiac

What does the Central Dogma theory state?

genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein

Who created the Central Dogma Theory?

Francis Crick

What is a ruminant?

mammal with a 4 chambered stomach

4 chambers of the stomach on ruminants

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

what does monogastric mean

one stomach

British Bos taurus facts

1. moderate size

2. maternal

types of british bos taurus

hereford, angus, red angus, shorthorn

What type of cow is this?

Angus

What type of cow is this?

Red Angus

What type of cow is this?

Shorthorn

What type of cow is this?

Hereford

continental bos taurus facts

1. growth rate

2. muscle (>lean/fat)

3. “terminal”

Types of continental bos taurus

Charolais, Limousin, Simmental, Gelbrieh

What type of cow is this?

Charolais

What type of cow is this?

Simmental

What type of cow is this?

Gelbrieh

What type of cow is this?

Limousin

Zebu bos indicus facts

1. heat tolerance

2. insect resistance

Types of zebu bos indicus

Brahman, Brahman crossbreeds (Brangus, Simbrah, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis)

What type of cow is this?

Brahman

What type of cow is this?

Beefmaster

How much does a typical cattle head cost

$44.92

Seedstock cow/calf operation

breeding stock, semen, embryos

Commercial cow/calf operation

calves destined for harvest

how big are herd sizes on average commercial cow/calf operations

~45

Stocker

grow weaned calves to heavier weights on cheap forages

Backgrounder

Group, acclimate, grow weaned calves before feedlot

Feedlot

calves fed high grain diets to harvest weights and conditions

packer/processor

harvest cattle

wholesaler/retailer

supply product to customers

what percentage of the cattle industry is family owned/operated?

96%

How many cows are there per cattle operation

44 cows

how many cattle industry operations are there?

880k operations

What does expansion mean

retain more heifers

What does contraction (liquidation mean)

sell cows and limit heifer retention

when is there the next projected liquidation?

2025

Top 5 US beef cow states

1. Texas

2. Oklahoma

3. Missouri

4. Nebraska

5. South Dakota

6. Kansas (#6)

Top 5 states with cattle on feed

1. Texas

2. Nebraska

3. Kansas

4. Iowa

5. Colorado

First half of 1900’s beef industry

1. small frames

2. early maturing, fat preferred

3. grown to make tallow

4. dwarfism

What breed of cow was dwarfism more prevelant in in the 1900’s?

hereford

1965 USDA Yield Grade

recognition of animal fat-muscle composition

1960’s on…

1. major continental importation

2. larger frame side

3. USDA Field grade system

When was Conoco chosen?

1969

Why was there controversy to Conoco being chosen

He was the first crossbred steer ever chosen for the International Livestock Show on Chicago

What crossbreed was Conoco?

Angus x Charolais

What is yield?

fat in relation to muscle of the carcass

How is yield chosen?

cutability and closely trimmed retail cuts

What is the scale for yield scale?

1=best, 5=worst

How is quality chosen?

eat characteristic, juicy, tender, flavor

What is the quality scale?

marbling (flex of fat in muscle) and age of animal (maturity)

What is the scale for quality?

Prime>choice>select>standard

What is a prime cut meat?

best/most marbling

What is choice cut meat?

average marbling

What is select cut meat

low marbling

What is standard cut meat?

no marbling

What is the average grade for meat cuts?

Choice, YG 3

Beef cow post pardum interval

82 days

How to calculate % calf crop?

# calves / # cows exposed to breeding

Yearly calving interval

1 calf/365 days

What does ADG stand for?

Average daily gain

Weaning weight for beef cattle

550-600 lbs

What weight do stocker and backgrounder lots get beef cattle to before they go to the feeedlot?

900 lbs

What is feed efficiency?

lbs feed per lb body weight