FSU Oceanography chapter 13 (most) pearson questions

13.3: In the Northern Hemisphere, when does the phytoplankton biomass peak in the polar region? Why?

In the Northern Hemisphere near the pole, phytoplankton biomass peaks in the spring when the sun is high enough in the sky for sunlight to penetrate deep into the water.

13.3: Which of the following characteristics causes tropical oceans to have a constant, low level of productivity year round?

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to the high influx of fresh water due to rain.

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to equatorial upwelling.

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to the presence of a permanent thermocline.

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to low salinity.

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to the presence of a permanent thermocline.

13.3: In the middle latitudes, the spring bloom is controlled by _____ and the fall bloom is controlled by _____.

nutrients and sunlight; nutrients

13.1: Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity?

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.

13.3: Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents?

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

13.1: When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

13.1: Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America?

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

13.1: How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean?

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

13.4: Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

tuna

orca whales

humans

zooplankton

phytoplankton

phytoplankton

13.4: Which of the following are first-level consumers?

salmon

sardines

phytoplankton

herbivores

zooplankton

herbivores, zooplankton

13.4: Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

phytoplankton

salmon

tuna

orca whales

humans

orca whales, humans

13.4: For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top consumers?

1

13.4: What is kinetic energy?

energy of movement

13.2: Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

Mississippi River

13.2: When does eutrophication occur?

when there are excess nutrients in the water

13.2: Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

13.2: Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

13.2: How might the development of dead zones be controlled?

by planting trees and grasses

with enhanced sewage treatment

through preservation of wetlands

by adding more nutrients to the water

by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands

by planting trees with grasses, with enhanced sewage treatment, through preservation of wetlands, by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands

13.5: Is overfishing really a problem?

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

13.5: How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year?

145 billion pounds

13.5: What is bycatch?

fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

13.5: Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets?

cod

salmon

tuna

flounder

shrimp

cod, flounder, shrimp

13.5: Which of the following commonly become bycatch?

small fish such as sardines and anchovies

crabs and lobsters

sharks

dolphins, turtles, and birds

apex predator fish such as tuna and salmon

sharks, dolphins, turtles, and birds

13.4: The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that:

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.

13.4: Which organisms contain chlorophyll?

diatoms

zooplankton

tuna

phytoplankton

anchovies

diatoms, phytoplankton

13.4: Which of the following are primary producers?

dinoflagellates

krill

copepods

coccolithophores

diatoms

dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, diatoms

13.4: Which of the following are primary carnivores?

diatoms

small shrimp

larval forms of barnacles

sardines

herring

sardines, herring

13.4: How many tuna does it take to make one shark?

10 times the mass of the shark

13.1: What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

13.1: What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

13.1: What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

fish

phytoplankton

primary producers

autotrophs

heterotrophs

phytoplankton, primary producers, autotrophs

13.1: What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

13.1: How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

13.1: What type(s) of solar radiation hits/hit the sea surface?

infrared

ultraviolet light

microwaves

visible light

radio waves

infrared, ultraviolet light, visible light

13.1: Which of the following has the shortest wavelength?

visible light

radio waves

microwaves

gamma rays

X-rays

gamma rays

13.1: What percentage of sunlight is absorbed in the top meter of the ocean?

55%

13.1: How would a red fish appear to the human eye at a water depth of 15 meters (49.2 feet)?

brown

13.1: If you were able to scuba dive to a depth of 100 meters (328 feet) and take a look around without a flashlight, what color would dominate your surroundings?

blue

13.3: Primary producers are also known as which of the following?

cnidarians

heterotrophs

herbivores

copepods

autotrophs

autotrophs

13.3: Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive?

algae beds

continental shelves

tropical rainforests

freshwater swamps and marshes

coral reefs

freshwater swamps and marshes

13.3: What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity?

grams of carbon per square meter per year

13.3: Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive?

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

13.3: Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive?

farms

open ocean

zones of upwelling

freshwater swamps and marshes

continental shelves

open ocean

13.1: What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low photosynthetic productivity in these waters?

Low nutrient concentrations

13.1: A fact regarding photosynthesis is that water and carbon dioxide are converted to __________ and __________.

oxygen gas, sugar

13.1: The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _____.

red

13.1: In primary production:

there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms.

13.1: The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called:

photosynthesis

13.1: In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

primary productivity

13.1: When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P), which is called the Redfield ratio.

106:16:1

13.1: What is the correct ordering of the color wavelengths on the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

ROYGBV

13.1: Which of the following is NOT a known coastal upwelling area?

Western coast of the US

Western coast of Australia

Southwestern tip of Africa

Eastern coast of the US

Eastern coast of the US

13.1: Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure ________.

color

13.1: In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________.

one kilometer

13.1: When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.

deeper; lower

13.1: Sensors in the human eye are most efficient at detecting which of the following types or radiation?

Ultraviolet Radiation

Gamma Rays

Infrared Radiation

Microwaves

Visible Light

Visible light

13.1: Which of the following types of radiation is used to create images of the internal composition of something because it is able to pass through many materials opaque to light?

Infrared Radiation

X-rays

Gamma Rays

Ultraviolet Radiation

Cosmic Rays

X-rays

13.1: Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.

western; toward

13.2: Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _____.

dinoflagellates

13.2: In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of __________.

oxygen

13.2: The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division:

Rhodophyta

13.2: Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division:

Pyrrophyta

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are:

diatoms

13.2: Diatom tests are composed of opaline ________.

silica

13.2: The world's largest dead zone is in the ________, where a combination of agricultural runoff, deposition of nitrogen from burning fossil fuels, and human waste discharge has over-fertilized the sea.

Baltic Sea

13.3: Which of the following types of algae is the most abundant and widespread of the marine macroscopic algae?

Brown algae

Green algae

Purple algae

Red algae

Yellow algae

Red algae

13.2: The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the 1960s into the twenty-first century.

doubled

13.2: Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans?

Mercury

Ciguatera

Karenia

Gonyaulax

Dioxin

Gonyaulax

13.2: Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae?

Krill

Coccolithophores

Kelp

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Coccolithophores, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates

13.3: The average rate of primary production in the open ocean is 125 gC/m²/yr. In the most productive ecosystems such as algal beds and coral reefs, the average production is 2000 gC/m²/yr. How many years would it take to accumulate 2000 gC/m² on the deep-sea floor in the open ocean?

1600 years

13.3: If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m²/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the sea-floor sediments each year?

3 grams

13.3: The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:

temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters

13.3: Productivity in polar oceans is:

light-limited

13.3: Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to:

eutrophication

13.3: Productivity in tropical oceans is generally:

nutrient-limited.

13.3: Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?

coastal upwelling zones

coral reefs

equatorial upwelling zones

All the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity.

All of the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity.

13.3: Typical units of photosynthetic production are in mass of carbon is ________ per unit of area m² (square meter) per unit of time yr (year), which is abbreviated as gC/m²/yr.

grams of carbon

13.3: In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months, nutrient concentrations are _________, solar input is ____________, and water temperatures _________.

high; low; decrease

13.3: In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the summer months, nutrient concentrations are _____, solar input is ______, and dissolved oxygen _________.

low; high; decreases

13.3: Which ecosystem has the greatest average primary productivity?

Algae beds and coral reefs

13.3: Which ecosystem has the lowest average primary productivity?

Open ocean

13.3: Productivity in middle latitude oceans is very low during ________, even though nutrient concentration is highest at this time.

winter

13.3: In polar oceans, productivity peaks during the ________ and is limited by sunlight during the rest of the year.

summer

13.3: Blue whales time their migration through middle latitude and polar oceans to coincide with maximum ________ productivity.

zooplankton

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

both available sunlight and nutrient supply

13.3: Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the highest annual phytoplankton productivity?

High-latitude coastal waters

Temperate waters

Low-latitude waters

The polar open ocean

The tropical open ocean

Temperate waters

13.4: In the biogeochemical cycling of matter in marine ecosystems, which process converts nutrients back into the dissolved state?

Bacteria decomposition

In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except __________.

nutrients

oxygen

carbon dioxide

water

energy

energy

13.4: What is the feeding strategy of an amphipod?

deposit feeders

13.4: Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:

cyclical

13.4: If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)?

100 kcal

13.4: Which feeding strategy is used when organisms use specially designed structures to filter plankton from seawater?

Suspension feeding

13.4: Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________.

decomposers

13.4: Algae, plants, archaea, and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of ________ organisms.

autotrophic

13.4: Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.

consumer

13.4: Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________.

herbivores

13.4: Organisms which feed only on other animals are called ________.

carnivores

13.4: Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________.

omnivores

13.4: Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________.

bacteriovores

13.4: Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

filter